The reasons for the fall of Communism and the USSR Essay

The purposes behind the fall of Communism and the USSR - Essay Example Anyway very soon, it was removed by Joseph Stalin in the year 1927 and such principle got finished in the year 1991. The year 1991is a noteworthy year for the residents of Soviet Union as USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic) likewise viewed as Soviet Union Collapsed. It is viewed as probably the biggest nation that crumbled because of the abrupt impact of an atomic super force subsequently breaking the whole world. Along these lines, it is one of the most notable dates throughout the entire existence of Soviet Russia (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). This paper chiefly features the explanations behind the fall of the communalism and USSR of Soviet Russia alongside the advantages and disadvantages of such a breakdown. Other than this, it likewise features the impact of such a breakdown in the whole world in both positive and negative ways. Aside from this, a little assessment part is likewise introduced in the exposition to assess the positive and negative impacts of such a breakdown alongside an end also. History of Soviet Union The Soviet Union appeared from the unrest happened in the long stretch of October that toppled the Russian Provisional government and subsequently, the Soviet Party came into power. It was overwhelmed by Bolsheviks and followed by Russian common war. The Soviet Union is likewise customarily viewed as the replacement of the Russian Empire (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). The Soviet Union was governed by the last Russian Tsar named Nichol as II from March 1917 to 1922. Toward the year's end 1922, the antecedent to Soviet Union appeared as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, an autonomous nation. Thusly, in 1922, the nation of Soviet Union grew mostly because of the association of a few neighboring nations, for example, Russia, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Transcaucasian Soviet Republic. In this way, after World War II, both Soviet Union and United States got occupied with cold war as they attempted to make their individual impact in the whole world. The whole national governmental issues around then was ruled by the gatherings of the Cold War and the prime reason for this U.S.â€USSR battle was to achieve planetary authority of their individual socioâ€economic frameworks just as thrashing of the authoritative ranges of authority of the nation. Around then, notwithstanding the nearness of Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), a five-year arranged economy involving a (post-New Economic Policy), and renouncement of the Molotovâ€Ribbentrop Pact mystery conventions, stayed as the principle character of Soviet society till 1985 (Lorimer, The Collapse of ‘Communism’ in the USSR â€Å"Causes and Significance†). Right now, all together increase impact Soviet Union broadened their most extreme control over Eastern Europe and Cuba and furthermore an impressive control was additionally kept up over the residents of the nation. Around then, the nation was managed by Leonid Brezhnev known as Brezhnev Era, experienced high monetary development and thriving, however before long finished with an exceptionally more fragile Soviet Union confronting various social, political, and financial issues. Alongside this, the normal yearly pay additionally brought down, bringing about a very wrecking condition inside the nation. Then again, United States investigated different pieces of the world to broaden their line of impact and force. Hence, it might be portrayed from the abo ve situation, that inspite of various best rulers, the social and financial state of Soviet Union may not be

At the very back of your eye is the retina

At the rear of your eye is the retina. It's about the size of a postage stamp, and it contains a large number of cells that are touchy to light. Some of these phones are called cones. Cones let you see shading by joining the three principle hues (red, blue, and green) to make a large number of hues, from the orange of your macaroni and cheddar to the turquoise of a tropical fish.Even despite the fact that numerous individuals imagine that being visually challenged implies an individual can't see any shading, this isn't correct. Not many visually challenged individuals see life the manner in which it is on an old high contrast TV appear. Rather, the vast majority who are visually challenged simply have a tough time differentiating between certain colors.If you don't have the right synthetic concoctions during the cones, they may not let you see the correct number of primary hues. A great many people who are visually challenged can't see red or green. For model, when a child who is visually challenged takes a gander at a green leaf, he sees a leaf that is either an unbiased shading (like a light tan) or a shade of dim. visual imperfection bringing about the failure to recognize hues. About 8% of men and 0.5% of ladies experience some trouble in shading discernment. Visual impairment is typically an acquired sex-connected trademark, transmitted through, however passive in, females. Procured visual weakness results from certain degenerative ailments of the eyes. A large portion of those with faulty shading vision are just somewhat partially blind to red and green, i.e., they have a constrained capacity to recognize rosy and greenish conceals. The individuals who are totally partially blind to red and green see both hues as a shade of yellow. Totally visually challenged people can perceive just dark, white, and shades of dim. Visual impairment is normally not identified with visual keenness; it is critical, thusly, just when people who experience the ill effects of it look for work in occupations where shading acknowledgment is significant, such...

The Definition of Random Assignment In Psychology

The Definition of Random Assignment In Psychology Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print The Definition of Random Assignment According to Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Materio/ Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers Random assignment?? refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group, or treatment group. Random assignment might involve such tactics as flipping a coin, drawing names out of a hat, rolling dice, or assigning random numbers to participants. It is important to note that random assignment?? differs from random selection. While random selection refers to how participants are randomly chosen to represent the larger population, random assignment refers to how those chosen participants are then assigned to experimental groups. How Does Random Assignment Work in a Psychology Experiment? To determine if changes in one variable lead to changes in another variable, psychologists must perform an experiment. Researchers often begin by forming a testable hypothesis predicting that one variable of interest will have some impact on another variable. The variable that the experimenters will manipulate in the experiment is known as the independent variable while the variable that they will then measure is known as the dependent variable. While there are different ways to look at relationships between variables, an experiment is the best way to get a clear idea if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables. Once researchers have formulated a hypothesis, conducted background research, and chosen an experimental design, it is time to find participants for their experiment. How exactly do researchers decide who will be part of an experiment? As mentioned previously, this is often accomplished through something known as random selection. In order to generalize the results of an experiment to a larger group, it is important to choose a sample that is representative of the qualities found in that population. For example, if the total population is 51 percent female and 49 percent male, then the sample should reflect those same percentages. Choosing a representative sample is often accomplished by randomly picking people from the population to be participants in a study. Random selection means that everyone in the group stands an equal chance of being chosen. Once a pool of participants has been selected, it is time to assign them into groups. By randomly assigning the participants into groups, the experimenters can be sure that each group will be the same before the independent variable is applied. Participants might be randomly assigned to the control group, which does not receive the treatment in question. Or they might be randomly assigned to the experimental group, which does receive the treatment. Random assignment increases the likelihood that the two groups are the same at the outset, that way any changes that result from the application of the independent variable can be assumed to be the result of the treatment of interest. Example of Random Assignment Imagine that a researcher is interested in learning whether or not drinking caffeinated beverages prior to an exam will improve test performance. After randomly selecting a pool of participants, each person is randomly assigned to either the control group or the experimental group.The participants in the control group consume a placebo drink prior to the exam that does not contain any caffeine. Those in the experimental group, on the other hand, consume a caffeinated beverage before taking the test.Participants in both groups then take the test and the researcher compares the results to determine if the caffeinated beverage had any impact on test performance. A Word From Verywell Random assignment plays an  important role in the psychology research process.?? Not only does this process help eliminate possible sources of bias, but it also makes it easier to generalize the results of a tested sample population to a larger population. Random assignment?? helps ensure that members of each group in the experiment are the same, which means that the groups are also likely more representative of what is present in the larger population. Through the use of this technique, psychology researchers are able to study complex phenomena and contribute to our understanding of the human mind and behavior.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 1868 Words

From the 16th century to the 21st century, concepts of good parenting have drastically changed. In Romeo and Juliet, parenting takes an unusual approach as the children are treated in many different ways. Several couples in Shakespeare’s book, have experienced raising a child. While some raise their children with every second of their attention, others, including the Capulets, leave their child with a nanny. Not having a stable relationship with parents has often been the cause of feeling isolated; this is how Juliet feels when growing up, especially being an only child. After the lack of parenting in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Juliet has been raised by her nurse, not had her parents’ influential presence in her life, and has†¦show more content†¦This caused a little bit of tension, especially since Lady Capulet was constantly pressuring Juliet to meet Paris and decide if he would be a suitable husband for her; she kept giving compliments on how handsome he looked. Lady Capulet described Paris’ book of love as him being an â€Å"unbound lover† and that he â€Å"lacks a cover,† meaning Juliet (1.3) While Lady Capulet is destined to make Paris her new son-in-law, Juliet is still unsure if she can love the man. This shows that the Nurse has a better relationship with Juliet than anyone else; she knows what Juliet is thinking while her mother is trying to convince her to marry some guy that she’s never met before. When Juliet meets Romeo later that night, everything changes. Before long, Juliet decides to send her Nurse out to meet with Romeo because she trusts her the most out of everyone. After a while, she notices that the Nurse is taking an awfully long time. She worries that maybe she couldn’t find Romeo or that she couldn’t meet him. When the Nurse finally does come back with news, she is out of breath and panting hard. She teases Juliet a little bit by not giving her a direc t response. The Nurse wanted Juliet to give her a break so that she could take a breath while complaining about how her â€Å"bones ache† and the tiring â€Å"jaunce† that she had experienced (2.5). When the Nurse finally settles down and tells Juliet that she met Romeo, they discuss the details. This connection between Juliet and the

Aging and Sexuality Essay - 2548 Words

Many researchers often ask the question, Is sex more important than life itself? In my opinion, I think it could very well be. The procreation and continuation of our species and it s evolution in life will play powerful roles in our development of our lifespan, health and well-being. The desire and intimacy intinct of a male and a female also contribute to the species success. The measures we take to advertise ourselves to the other sex is whats very species specific but unique when viewing sexual appeal. Popular theory of reason for the differences in gender of a woman; is that she is to be selective in the choosing multiple willing suitors to her one egg or offspring. On the other end of the continumn is the competing or†¦show more content†¦I found similar results to those of the website. The two questions that gave significant results following the ageism trend was #9 and #11: Growing old is a natural part of life and The thought of becoming old or older distres ses me Both of these questions consisitently were answered strongly agree. Finding above a ninety percentile agreement supports my old views and adds to the ageism that still existing today. The fact is that is was normal for my grandparents to be doing what they were doing. Being old does not extinquish the passion for having sex. However, it is act of thinking about old people having sex that does. Physical and Psysiological Changes If the spirits are willing but the flesh is weak. This quote is a possibility of aging and its physical and psyiological processes. A woman and a mans features change as they age but many of these changes are innate and are more biologically influenced by the aging process. Although, men tend to have more changes that happen to their body than women, but both have changes. Common and most frequent changes in men that occur are the decreased production of testosterone, size reduction and firmness of the testicles (Texas Tech University, 1998). More common complications involve getting or maintaining erections as a result of the increased prostate glands (Zeiss, 2003). As we grow old into the latter years of our adulthood,Show MoreRelatedBiological, Psychological, And Socio Environmental Factors785 Words   |  4 Pagesbeliefs of the aging body. American society idealizes the youthful body images leaving older adults to feel ashamed of their sexuality. Many older adults engage in sexual activity with a partner. However, desire decreases with relationship longevity. Furthermore, the loss of a partner may decrease sexual interests. DeLamater and Moorman reported similar results in subsequent research in 2007. This study supports the theory that maintaining sexuality intimacy in aging is important to aging health.Read MoreThe Struggles And Needs Elderly Lgbt Individuals Face And Its Effect On Their Aging Process1334 Words   |  6 Pagesface many issues that others do not. Not only do they face discrimination due to their sexuality, but also due to their age and/or gender. The intersectionality of sexuality, age, and/or gender can cause many physical, mental, and emotional health issues which require social work intervention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the struggles and needs elderly LGBT individuals face and its effect on their aging process. This can be achieved by applying theoretical frameworks such as Erickson’s StagesRead MoreM yth on Aging Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many misconceptions when we talk about sex especially to old age generation. During the first day of class in HS 107, we talked about myths on aging. According to many people, they believed that â€Å"Majority of old people have no interest in, nor capacity for, sexual relations† (Facts on Aging Quiz). In our society, many people believe that older adults do not have sex when they reach the certain old age. Many argue that as you grow older your body becomes frail, thus, decreasing and diminishingRead MoreSexuality Within The Older Population1475 Words   |  6 Pages Sexuality within the Older Population Jonelle S. Allen LaSalle University Introduction Sexuality is an important core dimension of life that incorporates beliefs, cultures, rituals, attitudes, values, intimacy and pleasure. The expression of sexuality along with the desire for intimacy can be very complex especially for the older adult. Sexual dysfunction among older men and women commonly increases with age along withRead MoreA Review of Sexuality and the Chronically Ill Older Adult: A Social Justice Issue1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This article â€Å"Sexuality and the Chronically Ill Older Adult: A Social Justice Issue† is published in the journal Sexuality and Disability and the authors are Verna C Pangman and Marilyn Seguire. The article provides an overview and outline on sexuality in the older adult with a chronic illness. In today’s world, according to Verna C Pangman and Marilyn Seguire, sexuality for the older adult and the elderly is a â€Å"taboo† word, and if mentioned, fear and apprehension by the older adultRead MoreSexuality : Human Sexuality, Sexual Orientation And Sexual Behavior1193 Words   |  5 Pages HUMAN SEXUALITY ReNata Shaw APUS: Human Sexuality Assignment 2 Resubmit Dr. Foster November 29, 2015 Human Sexuality Introduction Sexuality encompasses aspects in a person’s life that involves sex and gender identity, sexual orientation and sexual behavior. It encompasses the physical, social and psychological aspects of a person’s sexual behavior. It underpins what an individual is, affects the individual’s life wholesomely and is unique to each and every individualRead MoreThe Best Exotic Marigold Hotel1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbe the major theme that predominated throughout the film was that being older does not mean that life ends. There are different issues that are dealt with when aging, but that does not necessarily entitle growing and transforming have ended. Each character in the film were dealing with a variety of changes, some which dealt with the aging process and some that can happen at any time in ones life (Hoffman, 2012). Generational Themes There were many generational themes that came to light within thisRead MoreResearch Paper : North Carolina Central University1376 Words   |  6 PagesOutline FCSG 5820 North Carolina Central University I. Introduction (2 pages) Sexuality in aging is an interesting topic being that everyone will age and the information is vital to know. Countless amounts of people want and need to be close to others, as they grow older meaning they yearn to endure a lively, fulfilling sex life. With aging, there might be changes that can produce later difficulties and issues. Typical aging brings physical changes in both men and women. These changes occasionally disturbRead MoreGay, Bisexual, And Transgender Aging : A Comprehensive And Analytical Sociological Perspective On Lgbt Aging849 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging (LGBT) and the psychosocial consequences they experience resulting from disparities. The articles, however, differ in that the research takes a one-dimensional approach to an unambiguous issue. Therefore, this paper will focus on the article titled Helping Gay and Transgender People as they Age (McDaniels, 2015) given it offers an interdisciplinary pers pective on LGBT aging. Notably, McDaniels interconnects social, environmental, healthRead MoreReflection Paper On Aging1710 Words   |  7 Pagesthe embodied aging and experience by creating a storyline based on the character, Billy, shared the good news of him finally proposing to his much younger girlfriend with his dearest friends and wanted them to be supportive in his decision-making. All four friends decided to escape from their daily lives a couple of days in order to throw a bachelor party together for Billy in Las Vegas (Last Vegas, 2013). They have been best friends since childhood, yet have experienced a different aging journey (Last

Officer Selection Process Free Essays

Officer selection is a very detailed process. Every police department wants to recruit, select, train, and maintain the best and brightest officers possible. The job of a police officer requires an individual that can deal with stressful situations and the ability to interact with the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Officer Selection Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now The job requires quick decision making and good judgment. Police duties vary from writing reports to maintaining order to responding to criminal situations, all of which require critical thinking skills. Officers should possess certain traits due to the range of duties they will have to perform. These traits include physically agility, the ability to cope with difficult situations, well-developed writing skills, good communication skills, sound judgment, compassion, strong powers of observation, and the ability to both exert and respect commands of authority (Grant Terry, 2008). Every department sets its own standards therefore there is not a set standard for officer selection. The minimum requirements that most departments require that the officer be at least 21 years of age, have a driver’s license in the state or be eligible for one, have no prior felony convictions, and be able to pass a written exam, a medical exam, an interview, a physical agility test, and psychological screening. Individuals must be able to obtain a driver’s license because their primary duty will be patrol and must be twenty one years of age as they will have to qualify for a firearm. A police officer will not have full police powers until at least the age of twenty one, for that reason some departments will not even allow recruits to enter the police academy until they reach that age. A convicted felony is prohibited from possessing a firearm, which thereby bars them from becoming police officers. Most police departments now have educational requirements for recruits. Nearly all departments require officers to have a minimum of a high school diploma, and many require at least some college credits. Officers need to be able to deal with the constant changing law of criminal procedures, and the idea is that the departments need to raise their requirements to keep pace with the rising levels of education in society. With the increase use of technology in policing is another reason for high education among the officers. In most states, small departments send their new officers to a state training academy or program certified by the state. During this time the officer is on probation for a period of a year or two years in which the officer is evaluated. Some of the programs are operated through community colleges. The separate police academies run by the large police departments are similarly certified by the state. Officers who complete state training are then certified or licensed as peace officers in the state. The academy provides formal training during which the recruits who prove to be unqualified are weeded out. During the time at the police academy the officers receive physical training, training in the use of firearms, and training in the systems of patrol and traffic. The officers must learn about the department, its policies, and its relationship with other agencies such as state, county, federal. Once out of the academy, the police officer is assigned a field training officer (FTO). The FTO assist the new officer in using the knowledge and skills learned at the academy. The FTO also assist the new officer to acclimate into the police culture, and experience the socialization process. The FTO’s can have a significant influence over the new officers and assist the officer in dealing with the stress and cynicism that comes with the job. In some states, the officers are required to be Peace Officers Standards and Training (POST) certified as the officers are often confronted with acts of civil disobedience. The promotion process for police officers is very competitive. Officers may be promoted through several methods; these methods may differ from department to department and agency to agency. The officer typically will take a written exam and partake in an interview; the officers are then assessed on qualities relating to the job. The written exam usually is in a multiple choice format. During the interview, a board of several members asks the candidates a variety of questions. These questions may range from information about the candidates background and personal characteristics to judgments about policing situations. After the interview, the candidates are assessed, during which time the candidates are observed, tested, rated, and evaluated. The purpose of these assessment tools is to determine how well the candidate would perform at supervisory levels. Promotions are not based on these factors alone, but are considered in combination with the performance evaluation. Performance evaluations look at the candidate’s quantity and quality of work, work habits, human relations, and ability to accept new situations. The officer selection process has evolved over the past 100 years. The police began actively recruiting women and minorities, implement affirmative action policies to keep the departments as equal opportunities for hiring of police officers. The selection process is similar among the local, state, and federal agencies. The law enforcement departments are all looking for the brightest and best for their departments. The departments require the officers to be healthy of mind and body, ability to learn and adapt to different situations, and have good communication skills with the community. Each agency is willing to train and educate the officers as it is difficult to find the ideal candidate with all the qualities necessary. How to cite Officer Selection Process, Essay examples

Reflection of Learning Based Presentation

Question: Discuss about the Reflection of Learning Based Presentation. Answer: Introduction: During the course of my studies and as part of my academic curriculum, I prepared a report as well as presentation concerning the effects of business communication in an organization. The completed report and presentation was critically examined and subsequent feedbacks were sent to me that in turn helped me to better identify the inherent loopholes in my work thereby offering scopes for rectification and avoidance of future repetitions of the same mistakes. As per the markers comment I primarily recognized that I performed a major mistake by doing the entire task independently, while it was required to be completed as a group assessment. In the report I incorporated an executive summary that was to provide an overview of my discussions throughout the assignment. However, I missed out on including the main findings and recommendations and specific mention of the aspect of business communication that I intended to discuss in the entire report. I became aware that the table of contents needs to be numbered while writing a report. Further, address of specific problem pertaining to the given topic was missing. The main principle of business communication aiming to relaying information between people belonging to both within and outside the organization for the purpose of procuring commercial benefit (Beck, Bennett Wall, 2013). The problems associated with faulty business communication create gaps and loopholes in interacting with the clients as well as people belonging to the organization to deliver the best possible solutions. The primary causes linked to faulty business communication include undefined roles and responsibilities, faulty decision making authorities and processes, poorly designed business procedures, poorly designed organizational framework, improper association among people (Esser Hanitzsch, 2013). Therefore careful address of the identified issues relevant to a particular organization needs to be conducted to foster improved organizational function. The challenges and perspectives in an orga nization vary extensively and prudent and pragmatic organizational and leadership skills of the competent authorities may offer proper solutions to such issues. In referring to the types of business communication I did not mention about the specific models that are integral to the understanding of the given concept. For each of the chosen modes of communication, I forgot to mention the year of their proposal that is a vital aspect to assess the currency and relevancy of their application in the modern context. However I gave descriptions of some chosen models namely the Shannon and Weavers Model, Berlos Model and Schramms Model separately later in the text but lacked detailed meticulous approach and comparative analysis of each of the models. In business industry communication is considered as a vital determinant of smooth operation of the concerned organization (Grunig, 2013). Referring to the Shannon and Weavers Model of Business Communication, mainly six components are identified that mark the passage of communication across various persons consisting of sender, encoder, channel, decoder, receiver and noise. Empirical researches of modern times haves showcased the efficacy of the model across various set ups of the business communication. One such finding has highlighted the efficacy of this model in evaluating the success of the information systems in order to enhance the measurement practice among researchers and managers (DeLone McLean, 2016). As per the propositions of this model the sender after encoding the message is responsible for sending the message to the concerned receiver through an appropriate technological avenue or channel. In simpler words the sender is responsible for converting the message into codes that is plausible to the machine. Ultimately the receiver makes effort to decode the message prior to understanding it and thereafter interpreting meaningful conclusions out of it. In the process the channel may encounter noise that limit the receivers ability to decode the message and hence causing problems in optimum communication. The two ways communication pathway of this model needs to be clearly elaborated to explain the efficacy of this model. I did not refer to this aspect of the model that requires further analysis and description. In my report I had referred to a case study that dealt with the lack of communication issues that accounted for definite problems in the work culture of the given working se ctor. Referring to the case study I should have mentioned the specific and separate roles played by each of the stakeholders in the given circumstance to better understand and scrutinize the roles played by everyone involved in the process. While mentioning about the Berlos model I explained the model but did not connect it to the preceding models that may be referred as a modification of the Shannon and Weavers model. The scopes of this western model of business communication attempts to capture the primary interaction of language, medium, and message that allows communication through the socially structured aspects of each element. Interpersonal communication and mass communication studies may be conducted by means of this model (Bandhiya Joshi, 2016). Hence, I believe that subjected to thorough portrayal of the individual roles of each of the members in a business organization it will be more appropriate and convenient to suggest a suitable model of communication for operation (McQuail Windahl, 2015). Moreover, I think that specific recommendations pertaining to the case study should be provided with utmost clarity and proper justifications to offer feasible solutions to a given scenario. The comments pertaining to the feedbacks received I understood that a thorough understanding related to the significance of business communication is essential. The digital marketing skills gaps relevant to the communication industries have been extensively researched in many studies. The findings highlighted that the seamless blending of digital skills with current marketing strategies is a crucial challenge for the marketing professionals and researchers (Royle Laing, 2014). I gained succinct knowledge for each of the models after careful analysis of the reviewers response. Finally, reviewing the markers comment I find that in conclusion section no new information that has not been elaborately discussed in the preceding text should be provided. In this manner, confusion of the readers in compr ehending a particular topic may be avoided. As per the markers feedback I feel there is room for enough improvement at future hours with further provision for in depth analysis of each of the models related to business communication (Turnitsa, 2013). Hence paying close attention to the feedback received, I came to acquire succinct knowledge regarding the given topic that further enhanced my level of personal understanding and contributed towards personal growth. References Bandhiya, D. B., Joshi, A. (2016). Encompassing the Scope of Western Models of Communication.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(9). Beck, A., Bennett, P., Wall, P. (2013).Communication studies: The essential resource. Routledge. DeLone, W. H., McLean, E. R. (2016). Information Systems Success Measurement.Foundations and Trends in Information Systems,2(1), 1-116. Esser, F., Hanitzsch, T. (Eds.). (2013).The handbook of comparative communication research. Routledge. Grunig, J. E. (2013).Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015).Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Royle, J., Laing, A. (2014). The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industries.International Journal of Information Management,34(2), 65-73. Turnitsa, C. (2013). Communication model elements for societal behavior representation using agent based models. InProceedings, 2013 Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop.