Progress and development in communication system Essay

The objective of the study are: To know if people are aware of the progress and development in communication system. To know how can people absorb the rapid change of technologies that affects our communication with other people and making more easy. To let people know how communication affects the fast growing of technologies. Significance of the study: Most of us already have our own mobile phones, it is essential to our everyday life and as time goes by, things have been changing, so it is important for us to know how our technologies changing, how are we affected by these changes, how can this developments improve our social life. Life has been improving because of technology and studying this human invention may improve our life even better. We have the right to know what are the new inventions that are being made to sell out to people. It is important for us to know what are the most advanced technologies that we can use on these days. Limitation of the study We are limiting this study for Engineering students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Laguna, for both male and female from first year college to higher years, age 16 years old and above with smart mobile phones used for communicating others. Structure and Rationale of the problem Although mobile phones have taken over our current society, they have been around for several decades in some form or another. The first mobile phones, referred to as First Generation or 1G, were introduced to the public market in 1983 by the Motorola Company.

How to Create a Marketing Plan Essay

When was the last time you dusted off that marketing plan you created for your business? Wait, you do have a marketing plan, right? Well, if your marketing plan somehow found its way to the recycle bin or if you have actually never planned out a marketing strategy for your business then BusinessMarketingBlog is going to help you. Before we jump into the 6 Simple Steps to Developing A Marketing Plan, it is important that you understand the following elements of every successful marketing plan: 1) Spend the time and resources to plot out your marketing strategy and budget 2) Implement your marketing plan 3) Analyze and adjust your marketing plan as needed 4) Refine your marketing plan for the upcoming year, quarter, month, etc. 6 Steps to an Effective Marketing Plan Step 1: Define the Purpose of Your Marketing Efforts Before you can create a successful marketing plan you must have a strong understanding of what the purpose of your marketing plan is. QUESTION: What do I want people to do after they have been exposed to my marketing? Your answer should be something very specific, not something vague like â€Å"I want my marketing to help my business grow.† Here are some common purposes that business owners use to drive their marketing efforts: * Get someone to pick up the phone and call me * Entice someone to email me * Get people to tell others about my marketing / business HINT: The more thought and planning you put into this first step, the higher your conversion rates will be throughout your marketing efforts. Step 2: Determine Your Competitive Advantage and Emphasize It Now that you have pinned down a couple of the purposes for your marketing plan it is time to think about and plan out how you are going to get people to complete these actions. QUESTION: Why will people take the specified actions you have identified? You must determine what your competitive advantage is over your competitors. Sure, you probably have a lot of great benefits and value adds,  but you need determine your one strongest and most specific competitive advantage. HINT: Stress your competitive advantage as a solution to a problem (if possible). Step 3: Determine Your Target Audience Your marketing plan cannot be effective unless you know the specific demographics of the customers you are trying to reach. Again, try to be as specific as possible as the most effective marketing plans are centered around targeted, accurate broadcasting and not so much reaching the highest number of people possible. A thousand random prospects will usually not earn you as much profit as 10 of the right prospects. QUESTION: Which group of people will be most accepting and willing to receive my marketing message? You can save a ton of money by knowing who your target audience is and tailoring your marketing to that group of people. HINT: Identify ALL of your target groups, BUT market to each group with tailored, targeted messages. Step 4: Determine Your Marketing Methods There are so many ways to market a business these days; however, only a few marketing methods and mediums are raising to the top as being the most cost effective and penetrating. Get out of your old, set ways of how marketing needs to be and expand your efforts into some of today’s most effective means of reaching prospects. Ask yourself this question: QUESTION: Which marketing strategies will allow me to reach my prospects where they are without annoying or interrupting them and will I be able to directly track the results of these efforts? Online marketing is one of, if not, the most cost effective ways to market a business these days. We recommend a comprehensive marketing campaign that includes all of the following online marketing methods: * Business Website and/or Blog * Paid Search Marketing * Search Engine Optimization * Social Media Marketing * Email Marketing * Video Marketing HINT: Hire a professional to implement and maintain these online marketing services for you. You will save a ton of money in the long run. Step 5:  Determine Your Niche Now that you have pin-pointed your purpose, benefits and target market, you need to define your niche. Ask yourself this question: QUESTION: When people hear your product / business / company name, what’s the first thing that crosses their minds? Is it price, speed, exclusivity, service, value or something else? Your answer to this is your niche, also known as positioning, and it is what your prospects see and expect from you. The more defined and specialized your business becomes, the more likely it is to succeed in the long run so put some thought into this one. HINT: Once you define your niche, specialize in it as much as possible and communicate this niche throughout all of your marketing Step 6: Determine Your Marketing Budget Last, but most definitely not the least important, is to define what your marketing budget is for your business. Your marketing budget is something that should be evaluated at least 4 times a year, if not more. You should stick to your planned budget as much as possible. Too often do we see businesses get nervous in tough economies and decide to cut expenses with marketing being one of the first to see cuts. QUESTION: Do you really think that cutting your marketing budget or holding off on aggressive marketing is going to position your business appropriately in any economy? Marketing is not something you should ever cut corners on, especially in down economies when opportunities are ripe for cheaper market penetration. We recommend preparing to spend at least 10% of your gross sales on marketing your business. HINT: Calculate your marketing budget using your projected gross sales; this will help you operate in a growth mode. If you work off of your current sales then you will be plan ning a marketing strategy to just tread water. Putting It All Together These 6 steps are more than enough to get you started on developing a real marketing plan for your business. There are many more elements to a full scale marketing plan that deserves time, research and planning; however, once this work is done and you are able to see, follow, analyze and refine your marketing plan we can almost guarantee that your business will be taken to new levels of success that you have not experienced yet. Good luck and  please let us know if you need assistance or have specific questions about any or all of the steps outlined above.

Night Journeys Essay

Night Journeys by Avi is a story, set in 1768, of a teenage orphan named Peter York who lives with Everett Shinn and his family in Pennsylvania. Mr. Shinn is the leader of the Quaker Community and the local Justice of the Peace. Peter, who has been promised by the Shinn family to be treated well in exchange for his horse, Jumper, and hard work on their farm, is presented with what he refers to as a great crisis. The details of this crisis are revealed as Peter becomes deeply involved in a manhunt for two escaped bondsmen, better known as indentured servants. Although only 12 years old, Peter volunteers to participate in the search for the escaped servants and finds himself facing physical perils as he and Mr. Shinn become separated during the search. Peter inadvertently finds one of the escapees, who just happens to be an 11 year old girl. After Peter shoots the girl, rather by accident, he finds himself torn between his moral obligation to abide by the law and return with the girl, which would yield a reward and allow Mr.  Shinn to purchase a new horse and return Jumper, and following his conscience, which tells him to provide food and help the girl escape. After making a rushed promised to help the girl escape to freedom, Peter learns that the second servant has been found and is being held prisoner at the Shinn family farm. Peter has already promised one of the servants that he would help, so how, he wonders, can he turn his back on her accomplice. Is it right to help two convicted felons escape, when doing so will incriminate him and bring shame to the Shinn family, or should he turn in the girl and have both of these servants be returned to their â€Å"Master†? Peter takes action and decides to help both prisoners escape to freedom after much reflection and a realization that he too is imprisoned to the Shinn family, albeit in a less obvious manner than the two bondsmen. As the story comes to a close, Mr.  Shinn knowingly helps as Peter escapes with the servants to freedom. And as with any great story, there is a pleasant twist at the end where Peter returns to the farm, having given Jumper to the servants, and Mr. Shinn acknowledges that Peter, the 12 year old child, has done what he, the elder moral leader of the community, was not able to do. A bond between the two is firmly established and Peter returns to the Shinn farm, not as a prisoner, but as a member of the family. Night Journeys can serve as a great read aloud for an upper elementary class that is studying character education. With a relatively simply plot, and easily identifiable moral knowing and feeling conflicts, this book can be used to demonstrate how Peter, a likeable 12 year old, acts in a way that exemplifies his morals, showcases his personal values and otherwise focuses on character education. Teaching points related to various aspects of character education are easily created to align with the use of this book as a class read aloud.

Emily Bront's novel Wuthering Heights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emily Bront's novel Wuthering Heights - Essay Example As such, this paper will analyze the relationship between the wild and the civilized in Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights. The novel Wuthering Heights uses symbols, themes, imagery, flashbacks, and allegory to portray the different aspects of civilization and wilderness as manifested by the characters and the story setting. Notably, passionate and unrestricted actions characterize wildness while order and modernity characterizes civilization (Rathje, n.y). The most significant element that brings out the aspects of wildness and civilization is the differences between the Thrushcross Grange and the Wuthering Heights farmhouses. We can see cold, muddy, and desolate moors separating the two farmhouses, which stands alone. Indeed, the separation by the moors can only mean that there is an aspect of isolation in the characteristics and meaning of the two houses (Rathje, n.y). This isolation reveals the aspects of wildness and civilization in the setting as the entire novel set ting takes place in Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. Actually, the appearance and atmosphere of Wuthering Heights differ from that of Thrushcross Grange where Wuthering Heights sits and manifests on a stormy hilltop while Thrushcross Grange sits on calm and protected valley. ... Indeed, violent acts like Heathcliff’s abuse by Hindley and Heathcliff’s mistreatment of Hareton take place in Wuthering Heights. This depicts Wuthering Heights as an aggressive, violent, and wild environment. More so, the weather surrounding Wuthering Heights and its inhabitants is also violent (Bronte, 1858). Indeed, the novel opens with a description that, "Wuthering" is "a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather (Bronte, 1858)." On the other hand, the novel describes the life at Thrushcross Grange as one that manifests luxury, cultivation, and propriety. Indeed, the novel quotes that Thrushcross Grange is the house that Catherine aspires to socially, the house that will make her a "lady (Bronte, 1858)." These distinctions portray Thrushcross Grange as a representation of civilization and Wuthering Heights as a representation of wildness. More so, we can also see Catherine boxing Edgar Linton on the ear when Edgar seeks to leave Wuthering Heights (Bronte, 1858). Additionally, there are haunting figures in  Wuthering Heights, which depict wildness. Most assuredly, Thrushcross Grange is more luxurious than Wuthering Heights. The luxury in Thrushcross Grange reflects civilization. On the other hand, order and societal expectations defines life at Thrushcross Grange while nature drives life at Wuthering Heights. For example, we can see a snowstorm forcing Lockwood to stay at Wuthering Heights (Rathje, n.y) where he equally experiencers a hostile dream of a ghost child at the window. Indeed, the ghost child was crying, "let me in! Let me in!"â€Å"; I’ m come home: I'd lost my

Summary for answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary for answer questions - Essay Example 2. By using an anecdote, it reduces the seriousness that the reader expects to find in the essay. It gives the reader a feel of calmness and that the writer is one that is not shy about using some humor. It prepares one for the rest of the story and that there may be some humor to the essay and the way in which it is propagated. The anecdote prepares a reader for a story that is far from the serious norm that people are used to and prepare them for an essay that has its own amount of comic relief. 3. Tanya Maria Barrientos is a native Spaniard. She is a child of parents that are purely of Spanish heritage and it is due to the fact that she loves her heritage that she would look to learn the Spanish; language. Furthermore, she is driven to learn it because it gives her a sense of feel because she will be at one with her ancestry. Learning her language is important to her based on the fact that it is the language that her parents speak on a daily basis to each other. 4. Barrientos’ use of various Spanish words without definitions and translations so as to show that she loves the language and that her stance on the language is one that is definite and genuine. Furthermore, her stance towards the Spanish language will slightly change if she was to use translations after the words. This is because; the reader is given a feel of how it is to use the language in a conversation of the sort. The use of a translation would have little to no effect on her feeling towards the language nut for a reader; the use of translations would dilute the effect of the essay. 5. Speaking and the languages that we speak are part of the lives and natures that we lead. Different people have different accents and it is the difference that makes us united. I as an individual do not have any particular accent. I believe that it sounds just the same as any other person. When I speak English, I believe that there is a

Case study of Aetna 2000 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of Aetna 2000 - Case Study Example been purchasing a new business, thus, expanding its range of operations, and in turn having a variety of services in the healthcare sector with its various health products. They also offer a range of financial products and services. The company, due to its acquisition of a number of businesses, operates internationally and even provides pension services. The company is considering reorganizing its structures so that the health services will be grouped as global health, and the financial services will be grouped as global financial. This will facilitate efficiency and cost effectiveness in the company due to the sharing of resources for both local and international operations, as well as the use of technology. Through this, quality will be achieved in the company’s operations. Due to the procedure of its operation and those of the newly purchased businesses, the company is facing so many legal issues, with the government finding out that it is operating against what is legally recommended for such operations. After acquisition of Well Point Inc. business, Aetna went into an agreement to purchase other businesses dealing in insurance products, yet the businesses were operating as non-profit ones yet Well Point is a profit making business. This means that Aetna did not expect to make any profits from the acquisition. The company was involved in the provision of managed health care services. It is provided that for any loss of life, such businesses will be liable, and with this being a law within the nation, the business was obliged to ensure that no loss occurs to their client so that they are not held liable. There has been an increase in the cost of health care in the nation with a very high percentage. This has affected the company because just like other companies in the organization, they are committed to enhancing a reduction of the cost for the benefit of their clients, which may results to a decline in profitability. There is increased competition from

Mapping an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mapping an Argument - Essay Example The courts role must remain to ensure proper interpretation of the laws as opposed to participating in the political ideas and thus contributing to the political decisions of the people. The article raises various issues that are very fundamental in understanding the relationship between law and politics. The first major issue is the racial divide that was very prevalent in the Niagara Falls between the African Americans and the White Americans. The issue threatened politics of the council, as it appeared that the White majority voted as a bloc, based on race, to eliminate the African American preferred candidate (Curtin, 2002). When the matter was taken to the federal court, the judge found no evidence that the White majority had voted as a block on racial grounds. This decision however appeared to be more of a political decision than one based on law. Another important point expressed by the author is that the judiciary should refrain from the legislative process of the council, except in situations where such legislation process seems to infringe on the rights of individuals to vote. The judiciary should have no other role in the political process of enacting laws apart from that of protecting people’s rights. In the case of the council of Niagara Falls, the legislative process did not seem to violate the one person-one vote principle and the judge therefore had no business involving himself in resolving it. The judge’s decision seemed to be interfering with a political process. Every society has its own culture and traditions that are different and unique from those of other societies. These cultures and traditions affect to a greater extent the worldviews of the individuals and how they conduct themselves in different situations. Cultural relativism demands that we do not judge other people’s cultures and traditions based on our own cultures. No culture is particularly

Human Resource Development-Coaching and Performance Management Research Paper - 1

Human Resource Development-Coaching and Performance Management - Research Paper Example In workplaces coaching has began to move from being the latest management fad to a mainstream component of talent management and organization development. The growing popularity of coaching as a method of human and organizational change carries with it an enormous opportunity and challenge for those who deliver coaching training and services. One of the principle challenges of coaching is ‘professionalization’. Continued customer demands, increased consumer sophistication, and nature of work create pressure for coaching to move from being an industry to a profession. In the service sector, branding, competition, proprietary product and models are the order of the day. The three most important challenges that coaching faces in moving towards a professional footing are- Evidence based approach to coaching means producing evidence that any specific intervention is effective, or being able to demonstrate the return on investment. It also refers to the intelligent and conscientious use of the ‘best current knowledge’ for decision making and delivering coaching to clients and designing and teaching coach training programs. The best current knowledge from the above line refers to the updated information from relevant, valid research, practice and theory (Gravells, 2006, P.3) Behavioural science is the fundamental for the development of the evidence based coaching because the research skills of the practitioners are essential for evaluating the effectiveness of the coaching methodologies. According to an article by Stephen J Dorgan and John Dowdy governments around the world have been committed to raising the productivity for improving the economic performance. In a research by McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) it has been demonstrated yhat for the past three decades productivity at the sector level is driven by the degree to which these companies are exposed to competition. The main argument that has been

Role of a Management Consultant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of a Management Consultant - Essay Example B., 2001). The same brand is part of a long, classic, one-on-one competition with its archrival, PepsiCo. Inc. Coca Cola experienced a rapid growth in sales and consumer –preference, thanks to Roberto Goizueta who raised Coca Cola to the heights of performance while he was CEO from 1981 to 1997. Using his sharp analytical skills and market foresight and risk-taking tendency, Goizueta took Coca Cola into the direction of high sales, increasing market-share, revenue gains and high profit margins. He revolutionized how the soda industry is run and showed the world that just by focusing on Coca Cola’s principle black beverage; the company became a top-notch giant. This very philosophy inspired Coke’s followers, and even the Board of Directors, which included tycoons such as Warren Buffet, Herbert A. Allen and Donald Keough. They remained admirers of this approach and frowned upon any notions of diversification, unlike what was happening inside PepsiCo. Throughout the nineties, through this very approach, Coca Cola saw its rise in the world of beverage as an undisputed winner over PepsiCo. Inc. Goizueta took some very successful decision during his time, one of which was to form a new company under the name Coca Cola Enterprises, in 1986, which handled the US bottling operations for Coca Cola. This, immediately, helped Coca Cola in terms of the debt burden and also, raised their stock volumes, while reassuring quality bottling and distribution. (Cravens & Piercy, 2009). According to Cravens and Piercy (2009), this move turned out to be quite a profitable one as Coca Cola could erase off $2.4 billion from the balance sheet. Moreover, having formed Coca Cola Enterprises, US bottling operations were handled well and timely distribution channels were assured. He was known to be risky, as he himself used to admit. His believes were of the nature that risk-taking is a necessity for growth and development. In a growing consumer-market, playing safe all the time could mean losing out on opportunities and business. Goizueta is renowned for another important move: his non-contemporary approach of globalization of brands. ‘Think global, act local’ was the underlying philosophy of Goizeuta to expand and capture foreign markets. Unlike the general wave of globalization, he insisted that, to develop a successful multinational brand, it was important to think globally while acting in the local context. He explained that standardization and uniformity represent a strong and consistent image of a brand and it triggers a sense of surety in the minds of consumers worldwide. This uniformity can help create a very powerful image of the brand; while also considering vital selling points and marketing campaign specifics of differing cultures and geographies. At the very end of all this positive period, it did become quite apparent that the direction in which Coca Cola was heading into, had a dead-end. Arguably, his headstrong, upfro nt style of leadership, even though raised Coca Cola to reach new heights in the short-run; however, his moves, somehow, created a recipe for future disaster. His decisions focused more on the bottling operations than the actual customers. It is important to note that Mr. Roberto Goizueta maintained that Coca Cola did not need diversification to increase revenue. Instead, according to Suhaib Riaz (2008), he borrowed millions

Issues That the Jerusalem Council Debated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Issues That the Jerusalem Council Debated - Essay Example The resolution was communicated to all Christians. The Jerusalem council is a model to the church today. There have emerged many religious denominations in Christianity today. These denominations have differed in their teachings on baptism. Some groups believe in baptism by immersion while others maintain that the amount of water does not matter for as long as one professes faith in Jesus. Debates on sexual orientation and expression have taken their toll on the church. This difference sometimes degenerates into open enmity and conflicts. Today’s church should learn from the way the Jerusalem council would handle issues peacefully and with dialogue (Elmer 89). While in Rome, Paul got into trouble with the Jewish elders and chief priests. The elders and priests bound Paul when he would not stop preaching about the resurrection of Jesus, but he was saved by the officials of the emperor before they hurt him. When he was taken to Emperor Felix and charged with inciting people and causing chaos, he defended himself by explaining that the people were only angry with him for preaching about the resurrection of Jesus. Felix did not want to delve into Paul’s case. He put him in detention until he left Caesarea. Festus his successor came to power (Harrison 57). He revisited Paul’s case, and he conspired with Paul’s opponents to hand him over to them so that they hurt him in the pretence of moving him to Jerusalem to try him there. However, Paul declined, and when he appeared before Festus and King Agrippa, he pleaded with Caesarea as a Roman citizen. He charged that he had not contravened any roman or Jewish law, but he was only teaching about the resurrection of Jesus.

My Christian Way of Life Essay Example for Free

My Christian Way of Life Essay I would not start this personal essay by saying that I am a devout Christian and that I love helping people or something to that effect. I am a Christian; however, I am not the devout type. I do not regularly attend church gatherings. I do not really engage in community services or avoid vices. My moral beliefs were first cultivated by my parents’ teaching. They are devout Catholic, so it is reasonable to conclude that Jesus Christ is the most influential philosopher in my life. It is because of Him that I am able to walk through life confidently and accept different challenges. I am against violence and vengeance because He has taught us to forgive. Nevertheless, I still have my own spiritual doubts and questions about life and about being a Christian. I also consider myself as a victim of popular culture who has the tendency to get easily influenced by unreasonable circumstances. I am skeptical most of the time which is why I am convinced that Pepperdine is the most fitting university which can cater my needs for spiritual development. The fact that George Pepperdine did not mean for any of the university’s students to become full-pledged or devout Christians is what attracts me most in the university’s mission. It interest me not because I do not want to become strictly dictated by Christian values but because in this critical point of my life, I believe that I need all the freedom to make my own choices so I can later ponder about them and reflect on my own life. At a young age, a person must be allowed to discover his or her own spirituality by his or her own means. This way, this person can become more experienced and driven to arrive to what he or she believes is the truth about one’s spiritual being. If one would analyze one’s surroundings closely, it is evident that we live in a material world. Everything that our eyes conceive is physically material. On the contrary, I believe that there is much more in this world than earthly things. The world is a puzzle that we need to piece together—a problem that we need to solve. However, it is a problem unsolvable—a problem too complex and beyond comprehension. Yet, we can only see the world as such if we close our eyes from superficiality and open them to greater extents. Simply put, the world is merely an illusion that we have created to fulfill our sight—and the only way to avoid being fully blinded by it is to develop our own spirituality. A person who aspires to accomplish a developed spiritual being must learn how to act in his or her own accord. Religion can be quite pressuring at times, which can even cause a person to lose his way. However, if one is given enough leeway to discover everything on his or her own, this person becomes more responsible in choosing the right path without any feeling of rebellion or being forced. I am confident that through the guidance of a university which values Christianity, I can become more disciplined and responsible in discovering the spiritual aspect of my life. I do not usually attend Sunday church but I honestly have my so-called personal relationship with God. I am more comfortable in talking to Him like a confidant who is always ready and available to listen than repeating prayers everyday. George Pepperdine is right. Maybe I am not fully aware yet of what is the real Christian way of life. Maybe â€Å"personal relationship† with God is not enough to be called a true Christian. Maybe it includes so much more than just a relationship. I guess I am not that confident yet about my own spirituality which is more than just a reason enough for me to become accepted in this university.

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Essay In David McCullough’s June 2012 Commencement Speech You Are Not Special, he argues that no one is really special. In this speech he is saying that everyone is alike somewhere and somehow. Even though he is seems to be bashing the graduating class, he still adds encouraging words. Throughout the whole speech he continuously states that you are not special, but then ending the speech with saying, â€Å"You are not special because everyone is. † I argue that both McCullough and Sierra use the strategies of adding comparison, list, and emotion to make their speech and article convincing. An article in response to McCullough’s speech, Open Letter from a millennial: Quit Telling Us We Are Not Special written by a woman named Sierra on June 25, 1012. Her response argues that this speech is not appropriate for the graduating class who are ready to take on the world. McCullough’s speech should be aimed towards the parent’s generation. Sierra states that the parents are responsible for the problems their children face. In the real world the high school diploma is worthless. Comparisons are used in both McCullough’s and Sierras work. Sierra uses the comparisons to compare what we know now to our childhood memories, such as the tooth fairy. â€Å"We stopped believing in our own specialness around the same time we stopped believing in the tooth fairy. † She is saying that at a young age, we realized that we are not as special as everyone said we were. McCullough uses comparisons as well. In the beginning of his speech he compares the high school diploma to marriage. Unlike marriages, we cannot separate, divorce, from our diplomas, like we could our spouses. Both McCullough and Sierra use lists to persuade their audience. In Sierras article she uses list to show how as children and teenagers we depend on our parents. Stating that they do work for you, and then call you lazy or telling and teacher that an â€Å"A† is not good enough and the list continues. She uses list to get her point across. Rather than just stating one fact, she gives them all. In McCullough’s speech, he uses lists as well. He states that children have been pampered, fed, catered to, and so on. He uses this to get across that we have been babied our entire lives, so will we be prepared for the real world? He also uses list with statistics stating that somewhere someone is just like you. McCullough uses â€Å"There are 3. 2 million seniors from 37,000 high schools. † He continues on with the numbers of class presidents, swagger jackers, and pairs of Uggs. This is to get across that no one is different and there is always another person with the exact same thing as you. McCullough uses more humor. This makes the speech less offensive to the audience. While reading this speech you don’t notice the humor much, but when actually viewing the speech it is more humorous to the crowd. What some might think is humorous others might not. In conclusion, even though both use similar strategies in their work McCullough’s article is more persuasive. He makes you actually think that you are not special by adding comparisons, lists and emotions.

How would Contemporary Leaders Maintain Quality Standards of Their Organizations?

How would Contemporary Leaders Maintain Quality Standards of Their Organizations? How would contemporary leaders maintain quality standards of their organizations? Qualitative methods play an important part in developing, maintaining and improving survey quality by assessing vital issues that field pre-tests and pilot surveys alone cannot address. They are better able to identify the problems experienced by respondents in answering questions because they place a more systematic and in-depth spotlight on each question and its administration, as well as routing and instructions. Quality is built into every process in the company. It applies on proactive requirements and resource management, feature a complete testing process life cycle, and provide thorough and detailed documentation. Quality Improvement is basically, the actions taken throughout the organization to increase the effectiveness of activities and processes to provide added benefits to both the organization and its customers. There is a significant relationship between productivity and quality. As a result, they expect for business as a profession, as well as about the substance of ethical dilemmas they confront in running their organization properly and ethically. To maintain quality standards of the organizations there are several keys that needs to have: (1) Benchmarking is the use of standard measurements in a service or industry for comparison to other organizations in order to gain perspective on organizational performance. (2) Continuous Improvement, in regard to organizational quality and performance, focuses on improving customer satisfaction through continuous and incremental improvements to processes, including by removing unnecessary activities and variations. (3) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis is an approach that helps identify and prioritize potential equipment and process failures. (4) ISO9000 is an internationally recognized standard of quality, and includes guidelines to accomplish the ISO9000 quality standard. Organizations can be optionally audited to earn ISO9000 certification. (5) Total Quality Improvement (TQM) is a set of management practices throughout the organization, geared to ensure the organization consistently m eets or exceeds customer requirements. TQM places strong focus on process measurement and controls as means of continuous improvement. Finally, (6) Six sigma is a quality management initiative that takes a very data-driven, methodological approach to eliminating defects with the aim to reach six standard deviations from the desired target of quality. While this is a necessary reaction in such challenging times, maintaining quality standards are essential in ensuring sustainability and future growth. Adopting internal quality is an important means to achieving competitive advantage and cost efficiencies as the entire company structure reflects commitment and value for the customers. Every single person in the organization takes part in maintaining quality standards. This allows for continuous improvement as a fundamental practice in what is rapidly becoming a stricter market in every sense of the word. Customer satisfaction is essential for any business. Working to recognised quality management standards can help you to meet customer expectations. Quality management standards provide a framework for a business to manage its processes and activities. They can help a business improve its efficiency by providing a best practice model for it to follow. To meet a quality management system standard you need to set up a system to improve the key processes you use to provide your products and services allowing you to deliver consistently on your promises. Most of the contemporary leaders understand that three factors ensure the global market competitiveness of an organization, for example: a quality product, quality customer service, and quality delivery. Leaders must champion the processes of quality throughout the organization, benchmarking successful organizations, incorporating innovations in quality, and setting standards and measurements in every department. Leaders have several tools to ensure quality. They dont have to be Master Black Belts in Six Sigma or understand all the intricacies of lean manufacturing or supply chain management to see how each improves quality. They are sold on the merits of having a quality. They know that cutting waste translates to saving time and money for the organization. It is the leaders responsibility to drive, steer, and fund the quality initiative throughout the organization. For only when top leaders fully endorse a quality initiative does it have a chance of becoming fully implemented and t he harvest days of savings can occur. Contemporary leaders collaborate and provide their organizations succession plans that ensure the growth of the organization over time. They feel that they lead at the request of the company, customers, board of directors, and stockholders. If each of these entities trust in the leader remains unchallenged, the leader should lead until he or she chooses to step down. However, whereas even the best of leaders turn the company over to a new set of watchful eyes eventually, the leader who is irreparably jeopardizing the sacred trust of employees, customers, and the public at large should step aside and let a better leader take the helm. The history of quality management, from mere inspection to Total Quality Management, and its modern branded interpretations such as Six Sigma, has led to the development of essential processes, ideas, theories and tools that are central to organisational development, change management, and the performance improvements that are generally desired for individuals, teams and organisations. The roots of Total Quality Management can be traced to early 1920s production quality control ideas, and notably the concepts developed in Japan beginning in the late 1940s and 1950s, pioneered there by Americans Feigenbum, Juran and Deming More about Quality Management and TQM history. Quality Management resulted mainly from the work of the quality gurus and their theories: the American gurus featured in the 1950s Japan: Joseph Juran, W Edwards Deming, and Armand Feigenbum; the Japanese quality gurus who developed and extended the early American quality ideas and models: Kaoru Ishikawa, Genichi Taguchi, and Shigeo Shingo; and the 1970-80s American Western gurus, notably Philip Crosby and Tom Peters, who further extended the Quality Management concepts after the Japanese successes More about the Quality Management gurus and their theories, including the development and/or use of the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) cycle, Pareto analysis, cause and effect diagrams, stratification, check-sheets, histograms, scatter-charts, process control charts, system design, parameter design, tolerance design (Taguchi methodology), Quality Improvement Teams (QIT), Just In Time (JIT), Management By Walking About (MBWA), McKinsey 7-S Framework, etc. Quality improvement is basically, the actions taken throughout the organization to increase the effectiveness of activities and processes to provide added benefits to both the organization and its customers. In simple terms, quality improvement is anything which causes a beneficial change in quality performance. All beneficial change results in improvement whether gradual or radical so we really need a word which means gradual change or incremental change. The transition between where quality improvement stops and quality control begins is where the level has been set and the mechanisms are in place to keep quality on or above the set level. Thus it is very essential to raise the standard of quality. Improving quality by raising standards can be accomplished by various steps which includes organize the resources to implement the plan, carry out research, analysis and design to define a possible solution. Hence this improvement process will require controls to keep improvement project s on course towards their objectives. The controls applied should be designed in the manner described previously. There is a significant relationship between productivity and quality. The former is a measure of the firm output as compared to the input while the latter spells out the compatibility of the firm product with the consumer demands. Total Quality Management (TQM) is a zero-error approach towards improving the quality of processes and systems in an organization. TQM calls for the principle of continuous improvement with regard to all the areas of the organization. This approach calls for continuously examining quality of organizational systems rather than making it a one-time activity. TQM is an approach towards managing the productivity-quality equation in an efficient manner. In a dynamically changing business environment, organizations need to re-structure and align itself to the change. This adaptation to the change is imperative for the organization to sustain itself in the ever-changing market. Reengineering is an approach, which involves radical re-structuring in the systems, processes or philosophy of the organization in the face of an environmental change. This approach calls for continuously examining quality of organizational systems rather than making it a one-time activity. The paper touches upon the basic principles of reengineering and TQM. The quality aspect encompasses every area of a business organization. Institutionalization of best practices and a commitment to continuous improvement with regard to all areas of the organization is pre-requisite for enhancing organizational quality. Total Quality Management is an approach towards maintaining quality of processes and systems in the organization. The paper examines the quality scenario in organizations and explores the role of IT in the same. Many of the companys employees have considerable experience in their own specialist fields and, because of this, Keighley Laboratories is sometimes required to carry out failure investigations and possibly act as a expert witness if a court case results. For quite some time, picking up The Wall Street Journal meant reading stories rife with indictments of CFOs, CEOs, and accountants. Though many leaders practice good principles, clearly it is time to inspect closely what it means to lead with ethics. The world is full of strong leaders; however, leadership is a neutral term. It can be good or bad. Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, and Mao Tse Tung were regarded as good political leaders at some point in time by a certain element of the population. History has proven, however, that each was guilty of an immoral use of the tremendous power his leadership afforded him. What will history tell us about our current leaders of industry? Are they leading their companies in an ethical way? Perhaps the best barometer of achievement in this regard is the sustainable success of an organization over the long haul. For when you whittle commerce down to the point of its raison dà ªtre, you find its ethical basis. Is it not the mission and ethical imperative of every publicly held establishment to absorb the cost of doing business, produce a quality product for its customers, provide sustenance for its members, and turn a profit that can be reinvested to make the company stronger for lean times? One company has been doing this well for more than 120 years. General Electrics recent declining stock values may trouble investors, but it still was recognized as one of Fortunes 2002 Global Most Admired Companies and received the highest marks for its quality of management. Compare it to the relatively young MCI WorldCom, a company struggling in a quagmire of ethical issues, and the sustaining success of GE is clearly manifested. To get started, we will discuss the following five components of ethical leadership: communication, quality, collaboration, succession planning, and tenure. Ethical leaders set the standard of truth for every employee they lead. The moment people take leadership positions, they have an opportunity to place the highest premium on truthfulness. Recent cases of fiscal malfeasance at Enron, WorldCom, and Arthur Andersen illustrate the need for every form of communication leaders put forth to be an accurate representation. Yet, leading by example cannot be the only process by which this standard is relayed. It must become a company slogan, from the accounting office to the shop floor, that Truth is Job 1. Truthful information is quality information to the CEO, board of directors, and investors. Jim Collins, a noted researcher on leadership, advises leaders to conduct autopsies, without blame, and cites companies such as Philip Morris whose executives talked openly about the 7-UP disaster. Even when statistical evidence does not reflect well on a division or the financial status of the entire company, a plan of action to thwart disaster may be implemented and several lessons learned through open communication to ensure the sustainability of the organization. Ethical Quality An ethical leader understands that three factors ensure the global market competitiveness of an organization: a quality product, quality customer service, and quality delivery. Leaders must champion the processes of quality throughout the organization, benchmarking successful organizations, incorporating innovations in quality, and setting standards and measurements in every department. Leaders have several tools to ensure quality. They dont have to be Master Black Belts in Six Sigma or understand all the intricacies of lean manufacturing or supply chain management to see how each improves quality. They are sold on the merits of having a quality. They know that cutting waste translates to saving time and money for the organization. It is the leaders responsibility to drive, steer, and fund the quality initiative throughout the organization. For only when top leaders fully endorse a quality initiative does it have a chance of becoming fully implemented and the harvest days of savings can occur. Bob Galvin, Chairman of Motorola, implemented Six Sigma throughout the company in the early 1980s. Just two years after launching Six Sigma, Motorola was honored with the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Even the federal government is investigating the merits of this management tool. Several local government agencies are already using Six Sigma, and the federal government may employ Six Sigma in its war on terrorism. With a failure rate of 3.4 per million products/actions or 99.99966% accuracy, agencies would be better informed and lives could be saved if only one of every 294,000 vital pieces of information †¦ [was] †¦ erroneously discarded. Ethical Collaboration Ethical leaders need many advisors. They pick the most astute within their organizations and hire some from other companies, but they surround themselves with answers. Wise leaders collaborate to incorporate best practices, solve problems, and address the issues facing their organizations. Regrettably, the natural tendency of leaders is to draw in a close, and more often than not, closed circle of advisors. Unfortunately, the smaller the group, the less the prospect of collectively providing the leader advice on the full range of issues facing the organization. But the leader who collaborates ethically makes better decisions for the organization. How is that possible? Leaders who use ethical collaboration keep their circle of advisors more open and fluid. The objective of the ethical leader is to reduce the risks taken by the organization by assigning trustworthy experts/advisors to every situation-from RD decisions to customer-driven needs. Advisors findings determine decisions of t he leader who becomes better equipped to make judgments based on two critical elements: more feasible solutions and viable processes needed to exact the solutions. Many states suffer the woes of underfunded education. Recently, South Carolina imposed a 15% budget cut, with more cuts promised in the future. The President of Clemson University, Jim Barker, pulled in campus-wide experts in their fields to provide solutions. Robert McCormick, an internationally known economist, among others, was assigned the task of creating a fiscal roadmap to ensure Clemson would sustain itself through time. While his advisors provided him with sound solutions, Barker remained focused on the overall mission of the university and its drive to become a top-20 public university. Ethical collaboration serves another important role, however. As Barker maintains an open and fluid circle of advisors while assigning the right people to the variety of issues facing the institution, he serves to broaden his and others awareness of promising internal successors. Ethical Succession Planning If principled leaders possess a need for control, they satisfy that need by establishing strong organizational standards and operational procedures for quality and communication. Yet for the long-term success of the organization, ethical leaders must set aside issues of turf and let other leaders surface within the company, giving potential successors opportunities to exercise and build their leadership skills. Once identified, these few should be personally mentored by the leader, given opportunities for 360 ° communications, and trained for the roles they may one day assume. In his book, Good to Great:Why Some Companies Make the Leap †¦ and Others Dont, Jim Collins identifies Chrysler with many organizations that achieve greatness only to have it slip away through time. While examining the long list of organizations in his study, Collins notes that under Lee Iacocca Chrysler followed a pattern †¦ found in every unsustained comparison: a spectacular rise under a tyrannical disciplinarian, followed by an equally spectacular decline when the disciplinarian stepped away, leaving behind no enduring culture of discipline †¦ Arguably Chrysler faltered without Iacocca at the helm because he had failed to practice ethical collaboration to the point that a succession plan was devised. Ethical Tenure How long should a leader lead? Whereas the most important leader in the American government leads for 4 to 8 years, industry has no governing standard to length of tenure. Should leadership in industry, like its counterpart in government, have a shelf life? The answer lies on the conduct of the leader. Leadership expert Peter Block contends that We search, so often in vain, to find leaders we can have faith in. Further, he notes that leadership is more often rated on the trustworthiness of the individual than on his or her particular talents, and that the mission of the ethical leader is to serve the institution and not themselves. Jim Collins identifies this category of executives as Level 5 Leaders: leaders who are able to channel their ego needs away from themselves and into the larger goal of building a great company. Ethical leaders collaborate and provide their organizations succession plans that ensure the growth of the organization over time. They feel that they lead at the request of the company, customers, board of directors, and stockholders. If each of these entities trust in the leader remains unchallenged, the leader should lead until he or she chooses to step down. However, whereas even the best of leaders turn the company over to a new set of watchful eyes eventually, the leader who is irreparably jeopardizing the sacred trust of employees, customers, and the public at large should step aside and let a better leader take the helm. People are a fundamental component within any successfully developing organisation. Take away the people and the organisation is nothing. Take away the peoples motivation, commitment and ability to work together in well-organised teams, and again, the organisation is nothing. Conclusion Managing the ethical climate of an organization is not easy given the myriad influences, both internal and external, on the firm. Corporate ethics programs will not completely eliminate unethical conduct, nor will they resolve all of the perplexing conflicts of ethical values that arise in various social and economic arenas today. Nevertheless a Managers efforts to strengthen the ethical climate in their organizations will have real benefits for employees, for the performance of the firms, and for society at large. By legitimizing the discussion of ethical considerations in business, by standing up for ethical values despite short-term costs, by giving serious consideration to problems of conflicting values, managers and executives can contribute to strengthening their organizations and to building public trust in business. Much has been written about leadership. Regrettably, less time and thought has been afforded the concept of ethical leadership. Perhaps it is the very lack of discussion about what it means to lead with ethics that has created the current business environment of SEC investigations into improprieties, dot-com greed, and the general publics lack of faith in the stock market. Though we would have preferred that the government did not have to force the issue of business propriety through threats and legislation, apparently for some leaders fear and not moral certitude is their personal motivator. As a result, they expect for business as a profession, as well as about the substance of ethical dilemmas they confront in running their organization properly and ethically. Leaders establish unity of purpose and direction of the organization. They should create and maintain the internal environment in which people can become fully involved in achieving the organizations objectives. Considering the needs of all interested parties including customers, owners, employees, suppliers, financiers, local communities and society as a whole. Establishing a clear vision of the organizations future. Setting challenging goals and targets. Creating and sustaining shared values, fairness and ethical role models at all levels of the organization. Establishing trust and eliminating fear. Providing people with the required resources, training and freedom to act with responsibility and accountability. Inspiring, encouraging and recognizing peoples contributions. Identifying, understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system contributes to the organizations effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives. Structuring a system to achieve the organizations objectives in the most effective and efficient way. Understanding the interdependencies between the processes of the system. Structured approaches that harmonize and integrate processes. Providing a better understanding of the roles and responsibilities necessary for achieving common objectives and thereby reducing cross-functional barriers. Understanding organizational capabilities and establishing resource constraints prior to action. Targeting and defining how specific activities within a system should operate. Continually improving the system through measurement and evaluation.

Human Insecurity in T.S Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Ess

Human Insecurity in T.S Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock T.S Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is an examination of human insecurity and folly, embodied in the title's J. Alfred Prufrock. Eliot's story of a man's "overwhelming question", his inability to ask it, and consequently, his mental rejection plays off the poem's many ambiguities, both structural and literal. Eliot uses these uncertainties to develop both the plot of the poem and the character of J. Alfred Prufrock. The poem's setting is one that conjures up images of vagueness. It is filled with "yellow fog" and "yellow smoke", both of which suggest a certain denseness and haziness. Similarly, Prufrock is faced with another kind of mist - "perfume from a dress (65) that sends him back into his spiral of insecurity. The importance of Prufrock's "overwhelming question" (presumably, proposing to a woman) is placed alongside items such as "tea and cakes and ices (79)" and various other trivialities such as novels, teacups, marmalade and "skirts that trail across the floor(102)". Prufrock's inner, mental world of thoughts and questions is divided from his outer, physical world which is composed of material objects; it is ironic then, that the material world inside the room is the one that is hidden by "...yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window panes/The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window pane (15-16)". Prufrock is trapped in this artificial world, however he is too afraid to escape - he asks himself if he dares "to disturb the universe"; and apparently, he doesn't. The poem is also ambiguous regarding the identity of Prufrock's audience. Prufrock refers clearly to a "you and I" in the first stanzas of the poem but later... ... he feels uncomfortable with Hamlet's "Prince" and the qualities associated with it. J. Alfred Prufrock is a tragic figure in his own right; indecision being his tragic flaw. Eliot's character is a compelling portrait of insecurity, trapped in a rigid and materialistic environment by his own doubts and fears and unable to reconcile his desires with his actions. Works Cited and Consulted Eliot, T. S.. "The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston: Bedford, 2003. 851-855. Pinion, F. B. A T.S. Eliot Companion. Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books, 1986. Sharma, Jitendra Kumar. Time & T.S. Eliot: His Poetry, Plays, and Philosophy. New York: Apt Books, INC. 1985. Spurr, David. Conflicts in Consciousness: T.S. Eliot’s Poetry & Criticism. Urbana: U of Illinois P. 1984.

The Christâ€like Prospero of Shakespeare’s The Tempest Essay -- Tempest

The Christ–like Prospero of Shakespeare’s The Tempest It is not only the goodness of man which, according to traditional Christian concepts ,is not germane to himself. His very being, and his ultimate destiny stems alike from a principle that is infinitely beyond him (Morris 143). What was Prospero attempting to accomplish through the creation of the storm? Why would he go to that length of natural disaster, if the events would only end in an unharmed manner? Prospero. But are they, Ariel, safe? Ariel. Not a hair perished. On their sustaining garments not a blemish but fresher than before; (1.2.218-221). It was Prospero’s innate goodness that created a merciful storm, temporarily displacing his brother, the Duke, and the ship’s crew. Prospero use of magic allowed him to realize that his power surpassed the Duke’s. What might create empathy in the readers and viewers of this play is that Prospero had double the power of Antonio, the Duke and it showed through his merciful treatment of the storm’s creation. Prospero used intellect and did not operate on emotions solely, which could make the interpretation of the storm more philosophical, than vengeful. Because Prospero was a scholar, his plan became well thought out and the consequences were considered before hand, instead of acting on impulse, worrying about the outcome of those actions when it's too late. The power of nature was apparent to Prospero. His treatment of that power showed that he just wanted to return the rightful position of Duke to himself. "A man’s will, in order to be good, must be conformed to the Divine will†¦.a will must be referred to the common good as an end, and formally will the Divine and universal good in addition to a particular good"... ...peare's Plays. New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1964. Clark, Cumberland. Shakespeare and the Supernatural. New York: Haskell House Publishing, 1972. Encarta Online , Jan. 2001. Encarta> 16 March 2001. Greenblatt, Stephen. gen. ed. The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton Company, 1997. Knight, G. Wilson. Shakespeare and Religion: Essays of Forty Years. New York: Simon and Schuster Publishing, 1968. Knox , Bernard . The Tempest. New York: Penguin Group, 1987. "Magic". The Encyclopedia Britannica. 1971. ed. Morris, Ivor. Shakespeare's God. London: Rustin House, 1972. Smith, Hallet. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Tempest. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1969. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Dan Rather :: essays research papers

Before I begin, I'd like to thank the person who made it possible for me to be here with you all today. President Bill Clinton. By scheduling his trip to Moscow just so, I had enough of a pause between my trips to Japan and Oklahoma city and Russia that it was possible to make it to Hartford today. I'd also like to thank John Boyer. Somehow he got it into his head that I like Twain -- which I do -- and that I might know something about him -- which I don't. At least I am honest about it. However, you may want to consider that Mark Twain and I share certain unshakable philosphical similarities. We both lived in Connecticut for a while. We both like to fish. We both like to play hooky. We both like cigars. But Mark Twain's wife allowed him to light his cigars. (You can only imagine the sort of career I might've had if my wife let me light my cigars.owever, like the President, I am only permitted to chew mine.) I'm not unaware that the giving of lectures on Mark Twain is more commonly the sphere of academics. To be enjoyed by other academics. Academics can ask questions such as, "Was Huck black?" To which the rest of us would merely reply, "No." Academics prefer debate over simple questions. Academics aren't like you and me. At least, they're not like me. Such things are way over my head. I am a proud graduate of Sam Houston State Teachers College Huntsville, Texas. While those of us who went there know it to be the Yale or UConn of our part of the world, we're perfectly well aware that most people this far north have never heard of the place. Sam Houston State has about as much ivy growing on it as your average Burger King or McDonald's. I say all these things to underscore one thing. There may be great experts on the work of Mark Twain -- perhaps there are several in this room. But very few if any such great experts are graduates of Sam Houston State Teachers College. And I am not such a one. It's with that understanding that I proceed today. I don't pretend any expertise in the works of Mark Twain. I tend not to interpret much. I enjoy. In preparing for my visit I did a lot of reading and re-reading, and I did a lot of laughing out loud.

The First Step in Nation

Packed in Mt. Zion A. M. E. Church, a number of black women had gathered to hear Mary Church Terrell talk about ‘the modern women’. Oblivious of the heat and the perspiration which thoroughly soaked their dresses, the women were eager to hear what Mary Church Terrell as an educator and first president of the National Association of Coloured women had to say. The women were not disappointed, as Terrell looked like the ‘modern woman’ she was telling about. Her graceful walk and speaking captivated the crowd. She talked about educating less fortunate black women, organizing themselves and improving their communities.The representatives of different clubs had joined hands to organize the National Association of Coloured women in order to put forward a formal protest against an insulting letter written by the white president of the Missouri Press Association, James Jacks. Terrell went on to talk about Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and other women who had worke d for the race, making such a permanent impression on the women, that they were ready to follow the footsteps of their ancestors. One of the women who heard this speech was Fields, a teacher already active in community work.She was a member of Charleston City Federation of women’s club, which specialized in homemaking, helping the disadvantaged, raising funds to help wayward black girls and improving the conditions. She also helped to set up the Priscilla club which served the impoverished black areas, building homes, setting up a United Service Organization for black soldiers during the World War I and later on urging the city officials to hire black teachers. All over the country, black women were helping to shape, mold and direct the thought of their race, in time for an organized female resistance movement.The members of the National Association of Coloured women (NACW) set to solving interlocking problems involving race, gender and poverty. According to them, the problem s of a race could be solved by solving the problems of its women. A story reported sixteen years before Terrell’s speech explains why that period in African- American history is known as Nadir. According to it, a 12- year old black boy narrowly escaped from being lynched by a mob of white boys, all of them in their early teenage years.As an editor of Richmond Planet, a black weekly, ‘lynching was demoralizing to young and old equally and the children did what they saw the adults doing. ’ The time from 1880 to 1930 was the most savage and demoralizing time for the black people. Lynching was a common practice and was often performed as a ritual. African- American’s loss of civil values was just one of the manifestations of the white lawlessness. Blacks were separated from whites in public, schools and related things. Black people dealt with the racism by forming their own institutions and retreated into them.The institution which thrived the most during this period was the Church. The Church became a ground for political discussions and position of power and leadership. Societies were formed by the Church or were joined with it, due to which they got a central position in black social, political and economic life. During this time of retrenchment, black women clubs rose to importance and formed sister clubs all over the country. By the time the NACW brought them together, the number was too high to keep count of. The clubs worked on one principle which was ‘self-help’.They focused on educating mothers and improving the home life. Mother clubs were formed which focused on teaching mothers about home life, educating their children, and protecting their neighborhoods. Women clubs raised money to buy lands on which they made parks, schools, colleges, libraries and hospitals. They also worked on helping black women migrate from rural areas to urban by getting them settled down in their new surroundings, which were often hostile and dangerous. Educational courses were also offered.With time the work became so much that the local federations encouraged clubs to coordinate and take bigger projects then what a single club could have not possibly handled. With time more and more clubs came under NACW, making the structure more complex and projects undertaken more sophisticated. Different departments were formed which kept on increasing with time and the projects undertaken. The philosophy behind the women clubs enabled the women to take action when at one time such was completely unthought-of. Women organization was the first step in nation making according to one of the early presidents of NACW, Josephine Silone Yates.This banding together of the black women was showing the rest of the race a way to move forward, out of the shadows of the past and a way to facing the challenges of the new era. Even with the success of the women clubs, lynching, racism, disfranchisement, race riots were still in power. An edit orial in ‘women’s era’ asked the weak and timid men to step aside and let the women take charge. Women thought that the black men were more a part of the problem, claiming that the men had sold their votes for a mess of pottage., which was something that a black woman would never do. Leaders like Anna Julia Cooper believed that black women could make a lot more headway as compared to men when it came to race problems. Association leaders thought that women would be far more suited for issues related to social welfare then men, due to their moral, nurturing and selfless nature. Cooper’s sense of confidence was nourished by the sense of equality with the black men. While whites had set their differences between men and women, blacks had no such issues.During slavery, black men and women had equal status, had endured incredible hardships along with men, due to which both sex had equal footing in matter of equality. Racism severely limited the lives of black m en though some did vote and held political positions. The fact that black men held a larger area then women was completely insignificant, for women who proclaimed that it was the ‘women era’. Club women didn’t compare the positions held by the men with their positions. They only thought about their goal which was the abolition of racism. Some scholars argued the differences of goals of the black women from the white.The implications of the respective goals of white and black were different because of the difference of context of black and white women’s efforts were different. The end of 19th century was good for the black people, not only because the blacks were responding to the new industrial environment but also to racism repression. Black men at this time were heavily targeted leaving behind the women to deal with the pressures of life. From it became clear that the black women were handling far more burdens then their white counterparts. Also it becam e clear that the black women thought that the white women were also a part of the problem.Till now the black women were considered inferior clubwomen, but now they demanded equality. Black women thought that white women would be able to play a vital role in finishing racism, lynching and their effects. But the women were soon sourly disappointed as they found out that white women had the same thoughts as their men, and when they tried to set themselves apart, they became a burden which the black women had been carrying for so long. Other then a few white women organizations, the rest of the organizations were clearly ‘anti-black’.When friendly organizations asked black women to speak, they asked the crowd to support the black women. The all-white General federation of women’s clubs (GFWC) was openly hostile and in one of their newsletters wrote an offensive story about a marriage between a black and a white. This story was like a warning against inviting black wo men to white women clubs. This story also indirectly told the blacks that they would always be inferior to the whites due to the ‘invisible drop’ of black blood in their veins, no matter how much they got educated or learned, traveled or had talents.Even if these actions hurt the black women, they didn’t let it discourage them from their goal. The first step to nation building was NACW’s belief that the progress of the race was marked by the progress of its women. Even the black Nationalist Martin Delany couldn’t speak about black problems because he knew nothing about the hard working men and women from the south. The position of women became strong in this case as women were the centre of the community and knew the feeling of oppression, both as a woman and as a black.When a black woman spoke, she spoke the voice of the masses, and when the black women were free, the entire black race would be free. Not only the women believed it, the black men al so soon took to the notion of women leading their race. A book named ‘noted negro women’ was also written which told about the achievements of black women and the progress of Negros since slavery. Now that men and women were thinking alike, the only issue which also became a hot topic of discussion in club meetings was how women would lead the race.According to Alice White, a clubwoman from Montgomery, if thee home was at peace, then the women were in power. If homes were pure and teachings were pure, then from these homes, people with strong intellect, morals and religion would come. Others thought that woman should assume wide- ranging roles which would help the community. No one argued that home was the first battle ground or what NACW was doing for the community. Addie Dickerson believed that homes were the building blocks of a nation and if they were strong enough then the nation would be strong as well.She also believed that women had to fight against Jim Crow and join hands with both races to improve the economic conditions of black women who were working out of their homes. Women also insisted that women should vote so that they could have political rights which could help in the reforming. Cooper argued that the time had come for women’s personal independence, moral and intellectual development, political activity, and a voice of her own. These philosophies influenced the ideological discussion which was taking place between the club leaders.All women agreed to strengthen the foundation of their homes. But some wanted more, the ones who approved to suffrage and activism. The debate over this issue increased the differences between Washington and Du Boris. No matter how different the ideas or opinions of the people were, they had the same base. They had suffered humiliating experiences, rejected from clubs and moreover, they all believed that women would save the day. Black women also thought that they would stay above part politics unlike men, who were ineffective in dealing with race issues.Terrell thought that the worst a black woman could do was to bring a corrupt politician in the association, and also that it was important that women protested against the system which took away their rights. For NACW, unity didn’t come naturally. On same issues, the clubs put their best efforts to stick together. Clubwomen wanted to prove to the world that their image about black women was wrong. Black women are able to voice their concerns, their problems. When making a case, the women saw their differences and realized that not all black women could meet their standards.Also the clubwomen argued that the entire race was not equal, just as whites have their immoral class, lacks also have one. These women also questioned themselves as to why did the white people judge them only for their bad points? Club women wanted to end discrimination and wanted it to be marked their own success. NACW had already taken first s tep in nation building by helping others just as they help themselves. The very existence of NACW mean that black women had a defender with a national voice. The records of the club were impressive and at the end of the century it proposed a very bold plan.At the time when white women were choosing between careers or homes, NACW announced that black women will do what men do, as well as what a woman will do. Convinced that black issues were same, they spoke publicly against black men and oppression. Also they didn’t feel that their feminism would tear apart the movement into camps. The club members only saw wisdom in their approach towards black poverty, same as they saw only congruity in their race and gender. Before he even penned down the term, both conservative and activists accepted Du Boris’s philosophy.Clubwomen unlike the more modern black women leaders didn’t hesitate to represent the lower class. These women were proud of their work because they felt i t was their duty to talk to them. Where all the NACW women were proud of their achievements, the also had a reason for dread. They couldn’t forever keep ignoring the differences which separated them, for some issues were too serious, too pivotal to the future of black people. The most serious issue was that the race might not raise higher then its women. Many questions rose. Will the whites accept the association? What would happen if the status didn’t rise high?What if the programs didn’t benefit the black women? In the end it was concluded that the ideology did justice to female black activism, but if it failed the entire blame would come on the women. Twentieth century progressed and with it progressed the idea that challenges would be met by more competent women who had more knowledge and experience then the women of 1896, who were sure that would change the world history. Work Cited African &Americans. (n. d. ). National Association of Colored Women's Clubs , Inc. October 12, 2008.

Theoretical Problems of Terminology

Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1. Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Chapter 1 1. Theoretical problems of terminology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 6 1. 1 Terms, their definition and classification 1. 2 Terminology 3. Chapter 2 Semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terminology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 4. Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 5. The list of literature used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 28 Anotation Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. The importance of our investigation is determined by the necessity to study the semantics of medical terms. The aim of our year paper is to define the main semantic peculiarities of English and Ukrainian medical terms and their interaction with the words of general language.The achievement of the aim provides accomplishment of the following tasks: 1) to study theoretical literature on the problems investigated; 2) to s tudy medical terms and their meanings on the basis of explanatory and special dictionaries; 3) to apply the methods of formalized analysis of semantics for building the matrix of semantic space of the English and Ukrainian medical terminology on the background of general language; 4) to define the correlation of terminological and general semantics of lexemes under study.The object of our year paper is 50 English and Ukrainian medical terms with the explanation of their medical and general meanings. The subject of our investigation – semantic peculiarities of the English and Ukrainian medical terms. The language material for the year paper was taken from four dictionaries. The lexical material for our research presents 50 English medical terms the semantics of which we have analyzed from medical vocabulary (Mondofacto) and explanatory (Longman) dictionary, we also used Ukrainian medical and explanatory dictionaries.We separated the semes from the meanings of the terms that ha ve been studied in order to the basis of English and Ukrainian terminological and explanatory dictionaries. We analyzed the peculiarities of their special and general semantics. The year paper consists of the introduction, two chapters, conclusions, the list of literature used and supplement. Chapter I. Theoretical problems of terminology Modern life of society is characterized by steep development of science and technology that’s why it leads to improvement of languages of these branches, especially scientific and technical terminology.The term â€Å"terminology† is assigned to several concepts: Terminology 1: Terminology science. Inter-and-Trans disciplinary field of knowledge dealing with concepts and their representations (terms, symbols, etc. ) Terminology 2: Aggregate of terms, which represent the system of concept of an individual subject field. Terminology 3: Publication in which the system of concepts of a subject field is represented by terms. [6;18] The func tions of terminology: ) the ordering of knowledge on grounds of the relationships of concepts. 2) the transfer of knowledge, skills and technology (education, training, reading of scientific and technical texts, etc. ) 3) the formulation and dissemination of scientific and technical texts into their information. 4) the translation of scientific and technical texts into their languages. 5) the abstracting and condensing of subject information. 6) the storage and retrieval of scientific and technical information. 6;18] Theories of terminology as they have developed over at least six decades, consider that concepts are: 1) units of thought, focusing on the psychological aspect of recognizing objects as part of reality; 2) units of knowledge, focusing on the epistemological aspect of information gathered on the object in question; 3) units of communication, stressing the fact that concepts are the prerequisite for knowledge transfer in specialized discourse.The development of terminolog ies as a crucial part of special purpose languages reflects scientific, technical and economic progress in the subject fields concerned. Due to different speeds in this dynamic co-evolution of knowledge in the individual domains, specialized discourse continues to differentiate into more and more sectorized special languages and terminologies. 18; 7] But these communication tools become increasingly ambiguous due to the sheer number of concepts to be designated and the limited linguistic resources of every natural language: terms are taken over from one domain into another, usually with varying meanings in the form of metaphors or analogies; new homonyms, and terminological meanings, synonyms arise, motivating or even forcing subject specialists to standardize their terminology and harmonize them on the multilingual level in order to reduce and manage the constantly rising communicative complexity that faces their discourse communities.Terminology research is not limited to semiotic and linguistic studies of term formation and the epistemological dimension of the evolution of scientific knowledge. The agenda of terminology science also includes socio-terminological studies of the acceptance of neologisms proposed by terminology and language planners, case studies on terminology development by standardization and harmonization efforts, research and development concerning the establishment and use of terminology databases for various user groups and purposes and concerning controlled vocabularies for documentation and information retrieval purposes.Terminology displays the notions that were created, and spontaneously exist in every branch. Terminology is the study of and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentations of terms. The field of terminology is not independent as a discipline. Terminology though traced back for some decades got a more theoretical and methodological background in the past years. Terminolog y is an inter disciplinary field of research because it is highly influenced by the activities and methods of the areas if serves. Earlier terminology was a problem of engineers needing concepts for naming new technical items.Now linguists claim it to be another dimension of lexicology and lexicography. Terminology has become a specialized aspect of computational linguistics and information science[17;10]. Terminology is the study of terms and their use. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given specific meanings, meanings that may deviate from the meaning the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. The discipline Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture. Terminology differs from lexicography n studying concepts, conceptual systems, and their labels (terms), whereas lexicography study words and their meanings. Terminology thus denotes a discipline which syste matically studies the labelling or designating of concepts particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity, through research and analysis of terms in context, for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage. This study can be limited to one language or can cover more than one language at the same time (multilingual terminology, bilingual terminology, and so forth) or may focus on studies of terms across fields [26;45].Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical elements used in specialized fields (subjects or their branches) and generated in such fields or modified from elements already existing in other fields. In Terminology, the â€Å"term† or â€Å"terminological unit† is the meaning unit made up of one single word (simple term) or several words (complex term) and represents a concept in an univocal way in a specific semantic field (Office of the French Language of Quebec). From this definition, we can understand that a term is a specialized word in relation to its meaning and the field in which it is used.It is considered in that way when used in a certain context in which it takes the function of a â€Å"term†. Terms are elements of natural languages, as are other lexical units too. As far as terminologies reflect rapid development of science, they are opened to language planning, systematic management and different kinds of manipulation more than other lexical subsystems or strata. This causes terminologists to fulfill three comprehensive projects 1) the standardization of existing terminologies; 2) the creation of new national terminologies as well as 3) their international unification. 18; 8] A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Definitions can be categorized according to their purpose into descriptive prescript ive definitions. A descriptive definition states which meaning a term has. A prescriptive definition states which meaning a term should have. [15;11] In the seventies of the xx century the peak of interest towards system character of terminology could be observed and that was connected with the popularity of the biologist Bertalanffy.This scientist suggested the programme of building general theory of systems, which contained general principles and laws of the systems behaviour no matter what elements and the relationships between were. The difference between terminology system and terminology is, first of all, in the way they come into being. Terminology appears spontaneously as a result of knowledge accumulation and appearance of special notions and concepts. Terminology enters the mental world far from being accomplished and crowned; its lexical units are very far from systematic.Terminological system is completely isomorphic to the system of concepts and terminology is not. [23; 17] Terminology-is the section of vocabulary which covers the terms of different spheres of science, art, social life, and technics. [9;23] Terminology is closely related to such sciences as ontology, logics, linguistics, communication theory, information and documentation science, computer science, etc. In the GTT the notion ‘‘concept’’ and its relationship to other concepts have a central position. They are cornerstones of the GTT and the starting point of any terminology work.The conceptology which is a basic discipline of logic is closely connected in this respect with terminology. The most important link of terminology to linguistics is that the term is a linguistic symbol, which is formed by words or word elements. [18; 7] Terminology is not connected to information retrieval in any way but focused on the meaning and conveyance of concepts. â€Å"Terms† used in an information retrieval context are not the same as â€Å"terms† used in the context of terminology, as they are not always technical terms of art. 9;20] The problems of terminology were investigated by such linguists as:L. A. Kapanadze [10], V. I. Malcey [11], V. P. Danulenko [9;9], O . S. Achmanova [5;58], A. A. Reformatskuj [11;27], H. O. Vinokur [7;11] and others. Semantic aspect of English and Ukrainian medical terminology was studied by such linguists as:Balyshyn S. I[3], Chabirova Z. P,[11], Orlova A. S, Philipova Y. B. [21;22], Skinner H. A[23], Dorian A. F[54;20]. and others The English language began creation of modern terminology from Choser’s time.In his work â€Å"Treatise on the astrolabe† he for the first time used terms declinations, ecliptic, latitude, longitude, meridian, zodiac etc. Term (lat. Terminus – boundary, limit) is alexico -nominative unit that needs definitions( V. P. Danylenko[11;20], T. L. Kandelaki[25] and others). Definition is a necessary dependency of term which has a meaning for its selection from the vocabulary stock of language(S. V. Novak)[15;23]. Term is considered to be a nominative sign that operates in the language with a special purpose (V. M. Leychik).Term is determined as a language unit, correlated with conceptions of special professional spheres ( V. A. Tatarynov) [14;27]. It is understandable that a large number of terminological definitions as a conception of a word and scientific term do not lead to distinct and simple solution of their theoretically linguistic essence. The study of early works in terminology shows that linguistic essence of term is not enough researched. Mainly researchers were interested in lexicographical aspect of terminology and not in definition and uncovering semantic peculiarities of term .A term is a word or a certain word- combination that distinctly and definitely designates scientific or special notion. The term does not designate the notion like an ordinary word, but inversely, the concept is attached to a term. Thus, a specific conce pt determined by a term is understandable only due to its definition-laconic, logical, which points out essential indications of a subject and denotes its notion and matter. According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a term is â€Å"a word or expression that has a precise meaning in some uses or is peculiar to a science, art, profession or subject. [18; 10] One more definition of a term explains as â€Å"any conventional symbol for a concept which consists of articulated sounds or of their written representations. A term may be a word or a phrase. †[20; 10] As it is vivid from the definition the term always stands for a concept and it should preferably stand for a single concept. This concept has a meaning that is fixed, abstract and general. Only features that are considered to be relevant are retained in the meaning, other features are rejected. Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qua lities in common.Concepts are mental representations of individual object or comprise a set of individual objects having certain qualities in common. A term is defined by the content it stands for and not by any peculiarities in its linguistic structure. [15; 11]. An expression is a term within the framework of a conceptual system in which it is defined as a term. Membership of a terminological system thus gives an expression terminological status. Ancient Greek philosophers said that a term has two meanings: In broad definition a term-is a word or word-combination, which denotes real or abstract subjects.In this case the word term coincide with the meaning of a â€Å"name†, it means that a term the same as name. In narrow definition, as we already know the term- is a word or word-combinations introduced into a science as the designation of subjects, appearances that are studied by the science. [12;272]. To descriptive terms belong: a)set-expressions, which name or denote emp irical and abstract objects. They designate a â€Å"term†-as proper and general names. b)predicative expression-is a word or word-combination which denotes properties and qualities of subjects and relations between the subjects. )objective functional expressions, which denote objective functions and operations, to which special mathematical and logical signs and words denoting scope, weight, growth, colour belong. [14; 30] Terms can be more or less complex lexical units that are generated following several processes: †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathematical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from Nor th Atlantic Treaty Organization). †¢ Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology).The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms. †¢ The extension of the meaning of a word in the standard language (for instance, â€Å"mouse† in computing terminology is a device that allows the user to interact with the computer). †¢ Generation of a phrase that functions as a whole with one specialized meaning (superconducting magnet). †¢ Symbolic expressions, as chemical element symbols (Na) or chemical and mathem atical formulas (H2SO4). †¢ Abbreviations (PVC) and acronyms (NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Names of post (Prime Minister), organizations or administrations (United Nations, Prime Minister). The border line between word and term is drawn by the use of the lexical unit in a specialised field of knowledge with a specialised meaning or not. That is why a certain level of specialised knowledge is needed to recognise a term (we will only know that mouse is a term if we know the computing terminology). The characteristics of a text –communicative purpose, subject, specialisation grade– are also helpful to recognise the presence of terms.In order to establish the limit between term and word, it is important to know the characteristics of terms in a specialised language. According to Gutierrez Rodilla (1998: 88-94) the characteristics of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability over time. For instance, â€Å"aplasia† is a medical te rm meaning incomplete or faulty development of an organ; it is monosemic which implies precision; it is neutral emotionally; and finally, it is stable over time since it has been used without any variation in use, form and meaning for a long period of time in scientific documents.A concept can be described either by the definition or explanation. If it is not possible in a certain case to provide a definition at least an explanation should be given. The definition is the key to any scientific work. A definition is description of a concept by means of other known concepts, mostly in the form of words and terms. It determines the position of this concept in a system of other related concepts. Most foreign linguists pay more attention to semantic character of the term.They discover universal theoretical cases concerning terminological science, but not language facts are estimated by them superficially, without proper argumentation, unconvincingly. Terminological principles and methods are the basis for the unification of terminology work. They concern the analysis of concepts, the determination of their intension, the investigation of relationships of concepts, the design of systems of concepts, the description of concepts(definition), the assignment concept- designation(terms, symbols, etc. or vice versa, selection of adequate words or word elements for the formation of terms, creation of correct new terms etc. [23;25]. Characteristics of terms The reality around us is made up of a wide variety of objects that are observed or simply seen. The human mind is able to perceive every objects and generate a conceptual image that allows recreating the object even if it is not within our senses’ reach. In human communication, it is necessary to represent an objectconcept with a material and recognisable with the means available for humans.In a verbal language such representation is the word –oral or written– and the term in specialised communication . Thus, the term, as with any other word, is a sign with a triple dimension: †¢ Linguistic: the signifier (the formal aspect of the term). †¢ Cognitive: the meaning of the concept represented by a term. †¢ Ontological: the referent, the object from reality to be named. The three dimensions give three different, but related, aspects of terms: †¢ Linguistic dimension – symbolic aspect: this refers to a term as a symbol representing an object, a referent. Cognitive dimension – conceptual aspect: in relation to the concept that allows the human mind to keep the referent. †¢ Ontological dimension – referential aspect: the referent itself to be named and understood. Dimensions of a term cognitive linguistic ontological concept term referent conceptual symbolic referential aspects. To the three dimensions already explained, it is possible to add a fourth one that is implicit at the beginning of this section, the communicative dimension (associa ted with a discursive aspect).According to this dimension, the terms are inserted in a discourse with the purpose of taking part in the message produced in a communicative event. From this communicative point of view, the sender of the message, the author of the text, uses each term with a sole meaning, regardless of whether it is the term’s meaning, one chosen among the different concepts and referents represented by a single polysemic term, or an altered, modified or adulterated meaning that the author assigns to a term accidentally (perhaps due to a lack of competence in a specialised knowledge) or intentionally (a personal use of language and terminology).The balance in the relations between the different dimensions and aspects defines the characteristics of each term, but not all the terms share the same level of relations, that is why the features of terms as a whole are more of a trend, desired by their producers and users, than a reality. According to Gutierrez Rodill a (1998: 88-94) the features of terms are precision, emotional neutrality and stability. A term has to meet a number of requirements: 1. The term must be well motivated. The motivation of a term should be self-evident. 2. The term should be systematic. That means that it must be a member of terminological system. 3.The formation of the term must be in accordance with the syntactic rules of the language. 4. The term must be potentially productive of derivations. 5. The term must avoid pleonasm. This part of pleonastic formation generally occurs through a lack of linguistic knowledge. 6. The term should not contain superfluous elements. This may occur when the generic term and the specific term form a new term. 7. The term should preferably not have synonymous, homonymous or polysemous terms. 8. The term should be as short as possible without affecting its clarity. 9. The term should preferably not present orthographical or morphological variations. 18; 11] At the present stage of lan guage development society influences all language terminological processes such as term formation , interaction of generally used lexics and terminology, borrowing of terms from other languages and subsystems, development of polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, standardization and unification of terms, etc. In this chapter we observed theoretical problems of terminology, functions of terminology, requirements of a term, terms, their definition and classification, terminology and terminological system, the principles of terminology and methods.Also we named famous linguists who studied the problems of terminology. We observed the term as an indivisible unit of mentality that arises the smallest segment of concrete mentality process. By this segment in our year paper is a scientific concept of linguistic that indicates term- word which we receive on the basis of imagination about practical and theoretical activity of a person. We consider that linguistic term as a word is a part of vocabular y and is not isolated from the laws that influence on the lexical system in general.