Nature of an electron Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nature of an electron - Coursework Example This is described in a classical wave model of light; which states that light properties that are similar to any wave. For instance, light experiences reflection and refraction in the same manner that any other wave would experience interference. In addition, light experiences the Doppler effect the same way any other wave would experience Doppler effect. However, the prediction of the quantum model shows that frequency or wavelength of the incident of the incident light only affects the photoelectric current. where E- is the energy that the quantum light produces, Kmax is the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrom emitted , where as Wo is the work function of the of the energy needed to innitiate the emision of photoelectrons from the metal surface. In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, the following apparatus are required: a digital voltmeter to be used to measure the reverse voltage reading, a photodiode connected with an amplifier, monochromatic light sou rce to produce light beams to irradiate the photo cathode, and a filter to neutrally vary the intensity of light. Generally the quantization energy of the electromagnetic radiation in light is given in the relation, where the radiation energy, is a constant known as the Plank’s constant and is given as (6.63?10^-34Js), and - is the frequency of the light incident energy. The validity of the equation is based on the photoelectric effect experiment. There are four aspects that need to be taken into consideration when conducting the photoelectric effect experiment. These facts include: the minimum frequency; when the frequency of the incident light is less than the minimum frequency required, no photoelectrons can be emitted despite the intensity of the light. The value of minimum frequency varies from metal to metal. Secondly, as the frequency of the incident light increases, the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons increases. However, the intensity of the light is independent of the kinetic energy of the electron emitted. And lastly, the emission of photons is effectively instantaneous. (physics 242 laboratory manual) The photoelectric effect experiment consists if a high intensity lamb, a phototube, and batteries. The photodiode tube is the central element of the apparatus. The window in the diode gives way for light into the tube to the clean metal surface at the cathode. The diode is completely evacuated to avoid any collision of air molecules and the electrons. When beams of light hit the surface of the metal plate at the cathode, electrons are emitted by the metal plate. The photodiode has an in-built capacitance developing a voltage during the charging process by the electrons emitted. When the stopping potential of the cathode is reached, the difference in voltage across the two poles, that is, cathode and anode stabilizes. A very sensitive amplifier is used to measure the stopping potential. The amplifier aids in the establishment of the small nu mber of photoelectrons emitted. A voltmeter is used to measure the output voltage of the between the batteries and the output ground terminals. A number of different monochromatic light beams are used for the experiment. A glass tube consisting of mercury vapor produces light when discharged electrically. The glasses envelop filters out the ultraviolet light that can be harmful. The mercury light produces five thin spectral lines that are: yellow, green blue, violet, and ultraviolet in the visible region. These lines can be spatially separated by diffraction. The wavelength desired is selected using a collimator, and the intensity of the selected wavelength is varied using a density filter The mercury lamb is switched on. On the front reflective mask of the lamb box, yellow, green, and tiny rays of blue

Assignment about ethics 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

About ethics 3 - Assignment Example tson has added a condition element to the metaphor of â€Å"Business is a game†, proclaiming it to be the â€Å"greatest game in the world if you know how to play it.† It means that those who are not expert in their business are bad players of the business game. For the founder of Multinational Corporation like IBM, running successfully the company could be a game or the greatest game, as Watson is assumingly the expertise of his business line, but for Hamington this conceptual metaphor contains ethical shortcomings. The basic problem is related to the outcomes of assuming business as a game depend on our understanding of the world view. As business functions are performed on ethical notions, rules of games can not be applied on them. A business activity can not be morally free unlike games that follow their self-designed code of behavior. A business needs to be conducted as per legal principles. If business is taken to be a game in the limited scope, it makes random use of false statements and half-truths to conceal the wrong procedures. A business needs to be legal and at the same time profitable too. Hamington has cited Carr time and again to relate to business ethics, which are devoid of individual morality. Carr finds similarity between business and game by stressing on playing the game of business like a game player (Hamington 476). Hamington finds flaws with the metaphorical notion of â€Å"business as a game†. According to Hamington, doing business like a game â€Å"compartmentalizes† morality. It is just like changing the rules of the game according to the situation; if it favors the player to mold business ethics, rules become elastic enough to be restructured and if it does not find favor with the business interests, rules are adhered to (Hamington 477). Quoting Wasserstorm, Hamington explains compartmentalization through â€Å"role differentiated behavior† of professionals, which reduces the importance of ethical considerations in business. Professionals

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay In the 18th century, the Grand Viziers and commanders were generally Turkish origin. The Turkification of the administration in the Ottoman Empire in these years spread over art and cultural fields. These improvements paved the way for Turkish nationalism in the following centuries. During the 18th century, nationalism was an ideology which was seen in the Balkans.  [1]   As examining the emergence of Turkish nationalism, it is obvious that it is far later than its Western counterpart. There were several reasons led to this delay. Firstly, Turks were the main element of the Ottoman Empire that could have prevented them. If the Turks had realized the Turkish nationalism, others might have been influenced. National discourse on Turkism would have shaken the established order in the boundaries of Empire. There is also another reason for this delay that bourgeois and labor classes did not occur among the Turks before they did in other nations. Until the 19th century, Turk as a concept had negative meaning.  [2]   The beginning of the concept of Turkish nationalism traced back to the Turcology studies in the 19th century in Europe. Especially the linguistic features of the various Turkish groups were emphasized. The studies of European Turcologists works were affective on Ottoman intellectuals while they were trying to stop the decline of the Empire.  [3]  These Turcology studies were one of the most significant sources both in the emergence of Turkish nationalism and Pan- Turanism. The idea of nationalism also emerged among the Muslims in Russia especially the Tatars of Volga before Turks in the Empire. As the reasons for that considered; they were the most advanced ethnic group in the Muslims of Russia. Although they suffered from Russian suppression for centuries, with Catherine II this situation has changed and Tatars gained some kind of religious and civil autonomy. Among the Tatar community traders class rose however; the Turks in the Ottoman Empire had no special place within the millet system and they only have been the dominant nation with other Muslims such as Arabs, Kurds and Albanians. More importantly, between these nations there were no ethnic barriers and Turks in the Empire have accepted Islam as their life style.  [4]   For these reasons, although there were ideas of nationalism which were actualized by Greek independence and Serbian autonomy, Turkish-Ottoman consciousness was not present at that time. With the Ottoman Russian War in 1877- 1878 large numbers of Tatars, Azerbaijanis and Caucasian Turks migrated to the Empire. The Turkish intellectuals that fled to Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism began to spread out.  [5]   As it was stated before this ideology was consolidated by the impact of Western ideas and via the works of Turcologists in Europe , who showed the Turks that they belonged to such an ancient nation. The work of Western Turcologists was later followed by that of Turkish intellectuals. In a world of chaos and inequalities, many Ottoman intellectuals were influenced by the charms of nationalism. They adopted a romanticized image of the nation rising up from the ruins of a decadent empire.  [6]   However, Turkish national discourse did not gain full political content and aim until 1908 which was the date of the Constitutions declaration. This relative delay of political controversy on Turkish nationalism was not due to the ignorance of the bureaucrats and intellectuals towards the problem of saving of the state.  [7]   As we evaluate politically, the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian Wars, Germany and some Balkan nations close relationships and the disappointments resulted from ideologies of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Ottomanism and lastly, Ottoman intellectuals actions opposed to the bureaucrats of Tanzimat ere and reforms were all the reasons behind the emergence of Turkish nationalism in the Ottoman Empire as an alternative to two ideologies that were explained in the previous parts of our paper. All these developments prepared and formed the conditions for Turkish nationalism.  [8]   G. PAN-TURKISM Pan-Turkism refers to political, cultural and ethnic unity of all  Turkic-speaking  people. Before explaining practices of Pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire, noticeable personalities in this issue will be mentioned. One of the most influential and significant personality on the issue of Pan-Turkism in the Russian Empire. He was among the Tartar of Kazan region. In the periodical Tà ¼rk, his famous article was published. ÃÅ"c Ter-i Siyaset is seen as the main manifest of Pan- Turkism. He compared the 3 ideologies that Union and Progress Party pursued. Consequently, he supported Turkish nationalism as an alternative to pan-Ottomanism and pan- Islamism. Whereas traditional Ottoman elite found Akà §uras new Turkish nationalism as inappropriate, Unionist regime adopted it later. According to them, pan- Turkism was a mean to compensate the Empires African and European losses by Turkification policy at Empire and in Asia over the Turkic society.  [9]  Yusuf Akcura (1904), in his well-known article on the 3 ideologies stated that: By such a policy all Turks living in the Ottoman Empire would be perfectly united by both ethnic and religious bonds and the other non-Turkish Muslim groups who have been already Turkified to a certain extent would be further assimilated.  [10]   He also examined the advantages and disadvantages of pan-Turkism policy over the Empire. He suggested that main service of this policy would be unification of all the Turks who are being spread over Asia and the Eastern Europe, belong to the same language groups, ethnicity and religion. Among the other great nations, greater national and political unity would be created. In this unity, Ottomans would be the most powerful and civilized of all the Turkish societies. Among the ethnicities of Caucasian and the East Asian, a Turkish world came into existence. Except these advantages, there was shortcoming of this policy that can lead to the separation of the non-Turkish Muslims from the Empire. As a consequence, the Muslims would be divided into Turks and non-Turks.  [11]   Furthermore, another supporter of the Pan-Turkist ideology among the Turks in Russia was Ä °smail GaspÄ ±ralÄ ± who is a Crimean Tatar. He stated his ideas in the Crimean newspaper Tercà ¼man with the motto of unity in language, ideas, deeds. He advocated not only concept of Turkism but also Islam and Westernization. Although he was in favor of Turkish nationalism, he had avoided formulating a political Turkish identity and he had formed this unions social and cultural background , while leaving the political union to others.  [12]   It can be inferred that in Ottoman Empire Pan-Turkism was mostly dominated in the literature domain. Especially between the Russian War and Greek War, idea of Turkish nationalism was treated by Ã…Å ¾emseddin Sami, Necib AsÄ ±m and Veled Çelebi ant may of the Turkist intellectual and authors.  [13]   G.1. PAN-TURKISM AS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY IN THE EMPIRE Until the years 1912-1913 that Balkan Wars occurred other policies pursued instead of Pan-Turkism. 1908 Revolution adjusted the way of looking the Turks and Pan-Turkist movement became popular. The reason behind this popularity was the continuous attempts of Great powers that interfered in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire. The justification of these interventions was protection of the minorities. As a result, young intellectuals adopted Turkish nationalism. The first attempt of pan-Turkist movement was immediately after from the 1908 Constitutional Period. On 7 January 1909, Turkish Association was founded. It was a cultural association and Armenians, some of the European Orientalists were also among the members. With the foundation of these kind of associations, there published some journals that had important role of the developments in pan-Turkism. As a result of Turco-Italian War, this nationalist movement was accelerated.  [14]   The Ottoman intellectuals and bureaucrats were obviously concerned about the future of the Empire. They were also imbued with patriotic feelings because of the latest conflictive political developments. In the opposition wing, the Young Turks had strongly devoted themselves to Pan-Turkism. They thought that domestic and modern changes could only be achieved through radical structural changes, not through imitation of western institutions. Political Turkism was the final ideological recourse of the Young Turks. They defended the ideology of Ottomanism in place of political Turkism even after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 since Ottomanism was more promising in keeping the unity of the Empire. Although the Young Turks looked after the Turkish elements of the Empire and declared Turkish language as the official language in 1909, they never supported political Turkism as a solution to the problems of the Empire. For them, the most considerable objective was to keep the unity of all et hnic elements under the patronage of the Ottoman Empire, which Ottomanism was the best ideological tool for this end.  [15]   It was obvious that Committee of Union and Progress developed the consciousness of Turkish nationalism as political organization. CUP governments most important step towards a nationalist policy was the acceptance of Turkish language as the official language of the Ottoman society which eventually would be taught to all Ottoman citizens. These applications were carried out not in the name of Turkism, but of secularism and Westernism. Application of a nationalist policy on a secular line was natural in the Ottoman Empire since the emergence of the Pan-Turkist ideas, too, As a consequence, at one of the party congress Union and Progress preferred Turkish nationalism in 1911.  [16]   There were some events that were influential on this transformation from pan-Ottomanism to pan-Turkism. Congress of the Young Turks in 1902 was the milestone for clearness of anti-imperialist line. In this Congress, liberal wing that led by Prince Sabahaddin and nationalist wing broke apart. Moreover, as a result of Russian defeat in 1904 Russo-Japan War and recession of Russia from the World War I because of the Bolshevik Revolution, Turkic society in Turkistan gained their independence temporarily. This situation gave hope to Pan-Turkist ideas. With the serious defeat and loss of territory in the Balkan Wars in the 1912-1913, Ottoman Empire became Turkish-Arab Empire. Through these conditions, pan-Turkism which was only cultural issue on the Young Turks mind came into prominence immediately as a sole political option.  [17]   During the World War I, pan-Ottomanism was abandoned and this time was determinant on pan-Turkism. Public opinion and foreign policy were also affected by the advocates of the ideology by 1914. There was a question on the Ottoman Empires place in the new system of alliances of Europe. According to Yusuf Akà §ura, alliance with Germany would be the best option and he supported this choice. Russia was seen as a great obstacle on the way for Turkish unity. As the France allied with Russia, this country was not anymore one of the alliance options for the Ottoman Empire. As Britain was evaluated, the Ottomans were aware of British interest in route to India. After these evaluations, alliance with Germany was favored.  [18]   Ziya Gà ¶kalp formulated the Turkish nationalism in the articles for the journal Tà ¼rk Yurdu. With his framework, this current gained an economic dimension. Union and Progress National Economy Program caused emergence of the economic extent. Aims of this program were discharging the minority and foreign tradesmen, entrepreneurs and substitute them with Turks. In other words, this program aimed to create Turkish bourgeoisie. As we look at this national current in political realm, Enver Pasha was mostly responsible for state policy on Pan-Turkism especially for following Pan-Turkist objectives on the military domain. His ideas and inspiration of uniting Turkic people of Caucasus and Central Asia later led to the invasion of Trans-Caucasus and his personal action in Central Asia.  [19]   Through this information, the rise of Turkism would owe to the defeats of Ottoman Empire. In other words, it was a political movement which was based on the idea of a Turkish nation, came about in a period where Ottomans were defeated and Muslims were humbled, feeding on various developments. These were the Ottoman reaction against separation movements in the Balkans, the rebellious Tatar actions against Russian pan-Slavism, the new ideas brought forward by European nationalism and the studies on Turcology. However, after World War I Pan-Turkism ideology became unrealistic. The ideological debate on pan- Ottomanism and pan-Turkism continued with a different perspective. The question how to save the Empire? transformed into how to institutionalize the state that would replace the fallen Empire? However, Union and Progress Turkification policy was extremely criticized. The reason for these critics was that this policy weakened the link of the Ottomanism and it led to Armenians and Greek minorities separation from the Empire. Consequently, Ottomanism was reconsidered. H .CONCLUSION: In conclusion, How could the Ottoman Empire have been saved? That was the question all ideologies tried to find an answer. However, each of them came with different answers, it can not be said there were imcompatible differences between them. Many Young Turks who were supporters of Ottomanism, were at the same time Muslims and Pan- Turkists in their minds who were deeply entrenched in nationalism. A majority of the intellectuals were not oppose to those parts of the Western civilization that they considered functional. Supporters of the Ottomanism accepted that, so the Pan-Islamists also did. Ottoman Empires pragmatic nature also observed while investigating the actualizations of these ideologies. Tanzimat reforms were criticized by Pan Islamists. Pan-Islamism that adopted Islamic practices and cooperation between the Muslim communities defended a return to traditional values but they were also in favor of using Western techniques. In World War I, Ottomans needed Muslim Arabs support and they declared Jihad. The Committee of Union and Progress used a Western thesis against the West: nationalism. After 1913, CUP favored Pan-Turkism and put this ideology against Russia during World War I.  [20]  Ziya Gà ¶kalp who was a influential advocate of pan-Turkism, argued that Westem ways should be accepted was also criticizing the Tanzimat reformers for their loss with their own nations culture. The idea of pan-Ottomanism was tried to be dynamise during World War I became impossible with the Sevres Treaty and the idea of unifying all the Turks happened invalid and futile in the beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1918 and the Turkish War of Independence. After this ideological confusion seen in the 19th and early 20th centuries, modem Turkey which rose off the ashes of Ottoman Empire was located on a far sounder and decisive ideology.  [21]   As it is all known, Mustafa Kemal opposed to the ideologies of Pan-Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism. He stated that the Turks had actions to do in Turkey, and acceptance of another policy would be unnecessary. The new nationalism which was adopted in the Republic of Turkey aimed at saving and developing the Anatolian Turks. Therefore, this nationalism was very dissimilar from nationalism of the Young Turk era.  [22]  However, it would be said that the Young Turk nationalism called Ottoman Turkishs attention to the existence of a nationality. Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk had two major objectives: the foundation of a sovereign and independent Turkish state and to succeed this states modernization. As a result of these reasons, during the War of Independence the connection with the Sultan was cut off. Moreover, the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the Caliphate was also abolished on 3 March 1924. By these reforms, Atatà ¼rk wanted a strong break from the past. His reforms constituted a well-organized and systematic tendency towards the West and he had the aim of achieving level of the European states in cultural, industrial, and economic fields.  [23]  

Flaws of Case Study and Experimental Method Research in Psychology :: Psychology

Psychology is a type of science because psychologists share a basic assumption with all other scientists. Psychology methods can range from simple to complex. There are several research methods in psychology, and the outcome is relatively different for each. Each method studies and tests different situations. â€Å"The goals of psychologist are to make predictions about the conditions that gave rise to them, and then use that knowledge to predict and possibly to control events in the future†. (Stephen F.Davis, 2007) Case study uses information obtained from one person or a few people to illuminate the behaviors of others and suggest further research. Sigmund Freud popularized case study along with his psychonalytic theory of personality. A major advantage of the case study is that focussed on one person allows researchers to gather a great deal of detailed information. The goal of a case study is to use the information gathered from one person to understand the behaviors of others. â€Å"The case study is often used by used by psychologist in order to research into aspects of the human psyche.† (Keirs, 2009) Psychologist use experiments, interviews, questionnaires, observations, diaries, and psychometric tests are used within a case study. There are two basic types of case study; retrospective and longitudinal. In retrospective, your information comes from the history of the person you are studying. If it were a person who was being studied, you would have been to interview the person about their childhood and their family, as a result developed a report of their life and early life. In contrast longitudinal, investigates the future. They research consequences of a certain situation that has happened. The key feature in the case study method is subject matter. The subject matter is usually a person or an animal. Much like experimental case study, it often uses variables. As with any other method, it has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of case study is the ecological validity of it. The information that is used in these studies is from real life environment. The information is good information because the research is so in depth. The research if often very useful. There are also disadvantages and potential disadvantages. One main disadvantage is case studies usually relate to one individual, and what applies to you may not apply to me. Replication would not be easy with case study because of the unique situations. â€Å"The experimental

A Conducive Learning Environment Essay

An online and/or adult student must have an internal control psych to motivate themselves to continue and excel in the classes and educational career they decided to pursue. In education, there are choices that must be made in order for the adult student to be successful. One important tool necessary for the student to succeed is a conducive learning environment. These environments begin in the student’s mind at a very young age and are developed through parents, teachers, staff, and others connected to the school and educational environment. Today various explanations about learning are available. Some people believe that students learn either through the natural or biological make up of the person without any outside influences. These people believe that there is not any influence from the environment. While others believe people learn according to the environment they are involved. This type of person understands learning is established through circumstances or the surroundings. This is proven by the releasing of a learned habit of doing something and accepting the new thoughts and ways of doing something. For example, a child has been taught to print his/her name by the parent; once this child reaches a certain level in school, the child is taught to write his/her name by the teacher in the school environment. Changing one’s thoughts refers to the process by which failure leads to further learning; where a new experience that is contrary to one’s expectations causes one to change their attitude. (Brown, 2006) A conducive environment has a positive effect on a student because it can determine how and what the person is learning. Conducive environment is defined as favorable surroundings or conditions. One would make the environment conducive to learning starting within. Students should be and are motivated internally as well as externally. Built in instructions, found within our genetics drive the behavior of the student. Meaning the student should have an excellent base to build their education on. The student, especially an online learner, must learn to control the environment which they have chosen to complete class work, homework and study/reading time. The student must also develop the ability to absorb or ignore the surroundings available to him/her. Students in most cases need a well lit, natural lighting is best, and ventilated area that is air conditioned or heated maintaining a certain temperature for comfort. A student will need the typical supplies to complete the required coursework. These supplies and/or tools will come in handy but the area or environment one is utilizing to study, complete class work and homework is just as vital. Students have numerous necessities on a personal and student level. The environment a student decides to use for his/her educational purposes vary from one person to the next. Every student has a special area that is conducive to the person’s education. The student should have a means of self control. Success and failure is attributable to forces outside of themselves. (Sullo, 2007) The student should have a clean and comfortable environment free from foul odors and/or over bearing scents or loud noises to include friends and family. The student’s environment is a secluded area of sorts. The conducive learning environment may exist practically anywhere inside and outside of the classroom environment solely dependent on the student. This environment should be a relaxing and comfortable setting, but not so comfortable that would be enticing one to sleep or nap, if one were in a classroom setting, the student would be unable to nap there. An education requires outside sources as well; teachers, instructors, and professors just to name a few of the sources. They are required to appease to an environment which is conducive for the student to learn and for them to be able to teach. An environment with instruction with the transformative power of an effective teacher is the environment one desires and most of all need. (Tucker & Stronge, 2005) This type of teacher has a compassion for the subject matter and enjoy their work and with this excitement he/she has the ability to convey to the students with ease of reception. The instructor has received the proper training and has earned the proper credentials to practice this type of instruction. (Tucker & Stronge, 2005) The prior explains that not only the physical environment, being the building, is of importance to the student’s educational training but the instructor is just as if not more important for a conducive environment. Learning styles differ from culture to culture or from background to background. (Brown, 2006) In the United States, students are taught in an environment which allows interaction such as teacher to student and student to student. This is an acceptable practice while in other environments which are very formal and controlled, African and Asian societies fit this description, students are discouraged or disallowed to voice their own opinions. Additionally, most parents, teachers and other mentors enforce strict discipline during the learning process. (Brown, 2006) However, in other developed countries such as the US, learning occurs in a less controlled environment as parents, teachers and other mentors allow children time to participate actively in the learning process. (Brown, 2006) Learning habits greatly depends on the nature of the environment in which the student has available to him/her. These would include access to the internet as an example of a need for further education even at the elementary school age. The more advanced the technology the more likely the student will have an opportunity to learn a greater deal of education than those without. Students with access to text books, internet, supplies, a feasible area or work space, and an instructor that is qualified and certified stands an immense opportunity to be successful in the educational training they require as primary students and seek as a secondary student. A student’s success is based on the environment that the student has available to them to be educated. In order for this environment to be a conducive environment the student requires certain entities to be met in order for each individual student to receive just what they are seeking. The student must have an area that is personable for them for their comfort. They must also have available to them an instructor which is qualified to teach the students. Proper equipment to include text books or e-books, well written lectures and well taken notes, and interaction between the student and faculty are just the basics of what a student need to be successful. The most significant element of a conducive environment is the student’s â€Å"I can be successful in my education attitude† . Without a mindset of being able to complete or conquer any challenges that will come to the student, the student will not be successful. With that said, the most conducive environment begin internally. The student has to want, need, and desire the success of being educated in order to recognize and build the perfect conducive learning environment. In conclusion, different environments may be conducive or distracting for the student. A student’s cultural rearing is an influence on their access to necessary resources as well as the style of learning the student has. They may be influenced with a teacher-centered learning environment and the student may or may not have active roles in the class. Families that take interest in the student’s education play a role with equal importance to that of the instructor in the learning process. The design of the classroom, either traditional or online, is an important portion of a conducive environment Works Cited Wood, D. (1998): How Children Think and Learn, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd p 12 Piaget, J. (1950): The Psychology of Intelligence, New York: Routledge, p 35-46 Jonassen D.H., Lowyck, T. & Duffy, J. (2002): Designing environments for constructive learning Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 231-247 Clark, R., Nguyen, F., and Sweller, J. (2006): Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load; Pfeiffer, p 59 Tucker, N., Stronge, J. (2005). Linking Teacher Evaluation and Student Learning Retrieved from http:/www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=129351. Sornson, B. (2001). Preventing Early Learning Failure Retrieved from http:/www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=70546. Brown, C. (2006). How the environment plays a role in learning. Retrieved from http: //www.articlesalley.com/article.detail.php.123793/148/Relationships/News-and-Society/18/How_the_environment_plays_a_role_in_learning#rate

Life is what you make it Essay

A little boy called Andy was asked to audition with his classmates for a part in the school play. His mother knew that he had his heart set on being in the play and she was worried about how he would react if he wasn’t chosen. On the day that the parts were given out, Andy’s mother went to the school to collect him feeling anxious about the outcome. Seeing his mother Andy rushed up to her, his eyes were shining with pride and excitement. â€Å"Guess what Mum,† he shouted, and then said the words that can provide a lesson to us all, â€Å"I’ve been chosen to clap and cheer.† Understanding and knowing that you are so much more in control of your lives than you sometimes believe is not only reassuring, it is empowering. The way that you think determines the way that you feel and is the control pad for the volume of happiness that you can experience. The quality of your thinking essentially determines the quality of your life. Think about this †¦. Did you know that you have 60 – 80,000 thoughts a day ? Yesterday I had a thought. That thought became an emotion That emotion turned into words, the words fuelled action, The actions became a habit. My habits are my Character, My Character defines my destiny. Today, therefore, I’ll think about my thoughts a little more. The power of positive thinking Thinking positively is not about putting your head in the sand, nor is it  about being unrealistic. By developing a positive attitude you still recognise the negative aspects of a situation, however you choose to focus on the hope and opportunity that is available. This approach helps you to avoid getting locked into a paralysing loop of bad feeling and allows you to move on quickly and take action to solve problems and embrace life’s challenges of which we inevitably experience. This quote says it all! â€Å"Whether you are an optimist or a pessimist might not affect the outcome, it’s just that the optimist has a better time in life!† James Borg – Mindpower The term â€Å"PMA† is all about having a positive mental attitude. Many books about personal success or self-improvement start with a sharp focus on cultivating energy, enthusiasm and optimism in all areas of your life.. Developing a positive attitude is the key to health and happiness. Sustaining a positive attitude Creating and maintaining a positive attitude is the most efficient and low-cost investment you can make in order to improve your life. A positive way of thinking is a habit and needs to be learned through repetition and conscious effort on your part. Positive affirmations to condition your mind can be very useful. Saying things to yourself like: I am an optimistic, hopeful, positive thinking person. Yes I accept that bad things can happen in my life, however I choose to look for positive opportunities and outcomes in every situation. A positive attitude is not dependent upon your genetic composition even if you are pre-disposed to negative thinking you can learn to move your thinking to the positive side. This depends entirely upon you and how you choose to think. How to be more positive about your life Avoid negative attitude germs Let me ask you a question. If you had a really bad cold or flu would you walk over to someone and sneeze in their face? Hopefully not!  So let me ask you another question. Have you ever had a bad day when someone or something has annoyed or upset you and you have felt the need to get it off your chest and have a good old moan to someone about it? I am sure that we have all been guilty of that from time to time. You are, in effect, spreading your NAGs – Negative Attitude Germs. You may have noticed that when you are with someone who is suffering from a physical or emotional problem, you feel bad too. It’s often described as catching their emotion. Researchers have observed this actually happening in real time in the brain, using an advanced MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine. It shows the brain of Person A reflects activity in the same area as Person B when they are in close proximity. The scientific term for this is neural mirroring. This does, therefore, point out the danger of hanging around negative, pessimistic people if you prefer to be positive and optimistic. Choose to be a radiator Some people you meet are like drains: negative, listless doom goblins and when we come into contact with them they drain us of energy. They like to tell you about all their negative news and prefer to play the victim, wallowing in the â€Å"poor me† mentality. These are the people who when you ask them how they are they will respond with their shoulders slumped, eyelids drooped â€Å"Well you know †¦ I feel really †¦ bad!† and then they will give you a graphic blow by blow account of all their woes and feelings of impending  doom! You may well know people like this. Perhaps it is a behaviour you indulge in? Perhaps we all do from time to time however does it really do us any favours? Other people, however, are like radiators – full of warmth and vitality. We feel positively energised by them. They appear bright and radiant, look you in the eye and when you ask them how they are, they smile and tell you something positive. It is amazing how some people are so intent on being negative. I wonder whether they get up some days and plan to go into work to â€Å"drain the radiators†! You may well know people like this. It might even be a behaviour that you indulge in yourself. If so, next time you find yourself doing this ask yourself how you will positively benefit from actively choosing this mind set. Take personal responsibility The antidote for negativity is that you learn to accept responsibility for your situation. The very act of taking responsibility cancels out any negative emotion that you may trigger. By embracing responsibility you will reap many rewards. The successes brought by this attitude acts as a foundation for selfrespect, pride and confidence. Responsibility breeds competence and personal power. By living up to your promises and obligations, you will win the trust of others. Once you are seen as trustworthy, people will willingly work with you and want to be with you. Making excuses can put the brakes on our progress, while accepting responsibility can lead us more towards succeed. It can be easy to blame others or circumstances for everything in our lives – past, present or future. It lets us off the hook to some degree. However, ultimately it doesn’t help us because we become a prisoner of circumstance and allow everything and everyone around us to dictate our world. Positively learn from mistakes Making mistakes is human and we can’t get everything right all the time. To increase your rate of success you will have to be willing to accept that you will make mistakes along the way, the skill is that you positively learn from them. Certainly some of the best learning and character building experiences I have been through are on the back of mistakes. Mistakes are the portals of discovery James Joyce Putting your hand in the air and saying â€Å"yes I recognise I made a mistake or I am responsible for that and this is what I am going to do to improve the situation† is actually quite liberating.  For example admitting when we get something wrong and saying I’m sorry can relieve a great deal of tension in any relationship. Humble pie can actually taste quite nice! It isn’t poisonous. It is a real skill to be brave enough to admit when you don’t get something right and have the humility to accept it, admit and then positively move on. Just because you mistakes it doesn’t make you a lesser person or inferior to others. Also if you never make mistakes, how do you learn? No-one can make you feel inferior without your consent Life can be an interesting and challenging journey and granted you may well get a little travel sick along the way and you may even hit a few pot holes. However, by developing a positive attitude you will be much better equipped to be able to deal with everything so much better. It takes practise and  certainly there will be days when you really struggle to see the sun for the clouds. You may even decide you want to wallow a little and that is ok. The question though, is for how long? Life is what you make it and what makes your life worth living is your own personal voyage of discovery. We are all people in progress with so much undiscovered potential. How exciting and wonderful is that? Life is what you make it – Top Tips The first step to happiness is to make a conscious decision to be happy Choose to be an optimist not a pessimist Actively seek out opportunities instead of problems Think more consciously about what you think about Address any negative attitude germs that you may be spreading Choose to be a radiator not a drain Avoid blaming other people Learn from your mistakes and positively move on Take personal responsibility for all your actions Remember this is your life and your life is what you make it About the author Liggy Webb is widely respected as a leading expert in the field of Modern Life Skills. As a presenter, consultant and author she is passionate about her work and helping to improve the quality of people’s lives. Her new book How to be Happy (Published by Capstone) is due out in August 2012. It will be available on Amazon and in all book stores. Email info@liggywebb.com to order a first edition signed copy. This makes an ideal gift and can be gift wrapped if requested at no extra charge. Liggy Webb explains how we can achieve a happier and more positive life and  backs up her theory with some great evidence and advice. Paul O’Neill, Vice President, Guinness World Records Commercial This is a life enhancing book that will undoubtedly bring greater and longer lasting happiness to every reader’ Richard Denny, International Business Growth Specialist, Speaker and Author

Eye Witness Testimony essays

Eye Witness Testimony essays The Psychology of Eyewitness Accounts The human memory, while in many ways an amazing tool, is highly flawed. Although we have the power to remember a vast amount of information, our mind can use our memory to essentially trick us, sometimes even to the extent of remembering in detail events that never transpired. Despite these limitations, the testimony of eyewitnesses has become the most crucial evidence towards conviction in criminal cases (Loftus 9). In this way, our legal system depends on the reliability of an exceptionally faulty source. Jurors in court cases tend to believe eyewitnesses (Gorenststein 616). Faced with conflicting or ambiguous testimony, they are tempted to put their faith in people who actually saw an event. This faith in eyewitnesses maybe misplaced, however. Although eyewitness accounts are essential to courtroom testimony, studies clearly show people who say; I know what I saw, often mean, I know what I think I saw. And these people may be wrong (Migueles 259). Psychologists have attempted t o measure the ability of witnesses to recall specific facts surrounding an emotional event, as in the article Recall, Recognition, and Confidence Patterns in Eyewitness Testimony, by Malen Migueles and Elvira Garcia-Bajos. In other pertaining articles, information processing is reviewed by stages; from the time it is received to the time it is retrieved, and all of the faults, problems, and decay information goes through before is it regenerated. Essentially, Migueles and Garcia-Bajos endeavored to find what type of stimuli witnesses will attend to during a crime. Stimuli were broken down into two broad categories: central and peripheral. Central information coincides with and is both essential to and proximal to the crime, while peripheral information is unrelated to the crime. These categories are further divided into actions and d...

Watcher

Watcher The Watcher This incredible short story is about a little boy named Charlie Bradley, who isn't like all the other kids his age. He was a very sick boy. Charlie had a loving mother who cared for him when he was sick. They seemed to have both one terrible thing in common, a bad chest. The Bradleys did not own a television set, so Charlie had to find different means of entertainment on his long sick days at home. He learned that if he kept quiet and still, the adults would have labeled him to be part of the furniture. On his days home, Charlie received glimpses into the adult world of common topics like misery and scandals. These relations and encounters with the adults had drastically matured Charlie before his time. Later on that year, Mabel Bradley, his mother, was sent to the hospital because the condition of her chest had worsened.Allen Ginsberg, Frankfurt Airport, 1978.

A Short Guide to Capitalization

A Short Guide to Capitalization A capital letter is the form of an alphabetical letter (such as A, B, C) used to begin a  proper noun  or the first word in a sentence. A capital letter is an uppercase letter in contrast to lower case. Verb: capitalize. Also known as  majuscule, uppercase, upper-case, block letter, and caps. In classical Greek and Latin writing, only capital letters (also called majuscules) were used. Examples and Observations By the sixth and seventh centuries the various letter forms we now use had been invented . . .. From the ninth century on all writing in the Latin alphabet, in whatever style or hand, used capital and small-letter pairs as we do now.(Thomas A. Sebeok, Current Trends in Linguistics, 1974)A capital is always used for the first letter of a sentence. It is a universal rule. But the same cannot be said for the capitalization of names or proper nouns. Style varies wildly betweenand even withinpublications such as national newspapers and magazines. Apply commonsense rules. All names of people and placesPeter Cook, Paraguay, Piccadilly Circustake capitals. All titles of specific works of artCitizen Kane, the Mona Lisa, Beethovens Fifth Symphony, Anna Kareninatake a capital. Languages and nationalitiesEnglish, the Frenchtake capitals. Institutionsthe Houses of Parliament, the White House, the Anglican Churchtake capitals. Days, months and formally defined periods of historyMonday, February, t he Middle Agestake capitals. . . .Words deriving from proper names usually take a capitalas Christian from Christ and Marxist from Marx. But some such words, known as eponyms, have come into everyday use and no longer take a capital.(Ned Halley, Dictionary of Modern English Grammar. Wordsworth, 2005) She laid the folded newspaper on the counter between us, and my eye caught the words DISASTER, FAILURE and CRASH.(Eva Figes, Nellys Version. Secker Warburg, 1977) Trends in Capitalization I am a poet: I distrust anything that starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (Antjie Krog)Times have changed since the days of medieval manuscripts with elaborate hand-illuminated capital letters, or Victorian documents in which not just proper names, but virtually all nouns, were given initial caps (a Tradition valiantly maintained to this day by Estate Agents). A look through newspaper archives would show greater use of capitals the further back you went. The tendency towards lowercase, which in part reflects a less formal, less deferential society, has been accelerated by the internet: some web companies, and many email users, have dispensed with capitals altogether.(David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010)If in doubt use lower case unless it looks absurd.(The Economist Style Guide. Profile Books, 2005) The Lighter Side of Capital Letters He believed in a door. He must find that door. The door was the way to . . . to . . .The Door was The Way.Good.Capital letters were always the best way of dealing with things you didnt have a good answer to.(Douglas Adams, Dirk Gentlys Holistic Detective Agency. Pocket Books, 1987) Carol Fisher: This is Scott ffolliott. Newspaperman, same as you. London correspondent. Mr. Haverstock, Mr. ffolliott.Scott ffolliott: With a double f.Johnny Jones: How do you do?Scott ffolliott: How do you do?Johnny Jones: I dont get the double f.Scott ffolliott: Theyre at the beginning, old boy. Both small fs.Johnny Jones: They cant be at the beginning.Scott ffolliott: One of my ancestors had his head chopped off by Henry VIII, and his wife dropped the capital letter to commemorate the occasion. There it is.Johnny Jones: How do you say it, like a stutter?Scott ffolliott: No, just straight fuh.(Laraine Day, George Sanders, and Joel McCrea in Foreign Correspondent, 1940)

Is Sims Metal Management making the right strategic initiatives in the Dissertation

Is Sims Metal Management making the right strategic initiatives in the metal recycling industry - Dissertation Example The research was conducted using questionnaire method on the employees, which were 32 in all. The results reveals that the firm has not been practising CSR internally but tries making an external image of a good corporate firm. Moreover, the firm has been indulging in growth strategies with acquisitions, mergers and diversification. The employees also shed a light on how beneficial these strategic moves may be for the firm and whether the firm is taking care of its employees or not. Towards the end recommendations like, taking safety measures for employees, being informed about legislations in the global industry, forming an emergency unit, technological advancements and employee training has been given. Table of contents Chapter 1-Interduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Purpose of the research 1 1.4 Research problem 2 1.5 Research methodology 2 1.6 Aims and Objectives 3 1.7 Layout of the report 3 1.8 Validity limits 4 Chapter 2-Literature Review 2.1Introduction 5 2.1I ndustry Overview 5 2.3 Sims Metal Management Metal Management 6 2.4 Competitive analysis 7 2.5 Demand for recyclable metal 8 2.6 International business management 9 2.7 Supply chain and metal recycling 9 2.8 Pestle analysis 11 2.8.1 Political/legal environment 11 2.8.1.1 Regulations 12 2.8.2 Social Environment 12 2.8.3 Economic environment 13 2.8.4 Economic risks involved 13 2.8.5 Ecological environment 14 2.8.5.1 Structured changes 14 2.8.6 Technological advancement 15 2.9 SWOT analysis 15 2.9.1. Strengths 15 2.9.1.2 Strong structure 15 2.9.1.3 Business development 16 2.9.2 Weakness 16 2.9.2.1 Insufficient safety measures 16 2.9.2.2 Ineffective management 17 2.9.2.3 Complicated legislations 17 2.9.3 Opportunities 17 2.9.3.1 New markets 17 2.9.3.2 New recycling units 18 2.9.3.3 environmental consciousness 18 2.9.3.4 Efficient processes 18 2.9.3.5 Incorporate technology 19 2.9.4 Threats 19 2.9.4.1 Industry threats and prices 19 2.9.4.2 Developing countries 20 2.9.4.3 The legislative barriers 20 Chapter 3- Methodology 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Research Paradigm 21 3.3 Questionnaire method 22 3.4 Sample 22 3.4.1 Sample selection 23 3.5 Questionnaire 24 3.6 Data analysis 24 3.7 Privacy of the subjects 24 3.7 Trustworthiness of the methodology used 25 3.8.1 Reliability 25 3.8.2 Validity 25 3.8.3 Ethical validity 26 3.8.4 Generalized validity 26 Chapter 4 Data analysis 27 4.1 Introduction 27 4.2 Internal environment of Sims Group UK 27 4.3 Is the firm growing in the right direction in the economic downturn? 33 4.4 Technological incorporation in the firm 35 Chapter 5-Conclusion and Recommendations 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Recommendations 40 5.2.1 stringent safety standards 40 5.2.1 Emergency unit 40 5.2.2 Business strategies 40 5.2.3 growth strategies 41 5.2.4 employee training 41 5.2.5 Technological advancement 41 5.2.6 CSR 41 5.2.7 Legislative information 42 5.3 Limitations of the Research 42 Appendix 43 References 45 Chapter 1-Interduction 1.1 Introduction In cha pter 1, the author gives a detailed account of the research topic explaining why it was chosen. The background of the research is also given along with the reasons why the research was conducted. The methodology of the research has been given in detail along with the research paper layout. 1.2 Background According to Eddolls (2012), Sims Metal Management is an Australian based global concern that recycles metal. The firm has 42 recycling plants in

The Membership of the European Union and Employment in the UK Essay

The Membership of the European Union and Employment in the UK - Essay Example However in late Britain tends to understand and respect its long-standing membership with such a potential body like the European Union (Euromove, 2011). In the current era, United Kingdom is thus making every endeavor to help resolve conflicts pertaining to ideologies through holding open discussion forums with the members of the European Union (Perth and Hope, 2011). The employment relation policies followed in the European Union can be understood as follows. Firstly the European Union requires the employer bodies in the different member states to encourage its members to actively participate in the formation of trade unions. In that, the employees are rendered the right to collectively bargain for their right in cases where they are deprived of such and also can hold strikes as a sign to protest against the decisions of the employer body. Secondly, the employment relation policies followed by the European Union also require the employers to form collective agreements with the employees or representative bodies of the employees in regards to issues on compensation systems, leave policies and working hours and conditions in the concern. These policies of the European Union are found to be active whether in regards to a single employer or a group of employers in regards to a specific business or diversified business categories (Business Link, n.d.) . In the third case, the European Union body also requires the different employers belonging to the companies in the member nations to openly consult and share potential information with the different employees or employee groups. This policy tends to enhance the level of transparency in regards to the employer-employee relationships in the member countries. Fourthly the employer bodies pertaining to the member nations are strictly required to have a word with the representative bodies of the employees in the light of working out a redundancy plan. Herein, the employer bodies are required to effectively state as to how many numbers of people they require to be made redundant with also stating the need for planning of such action. Further, the employer bodies are also required to state plans through which the company would tend to reemploy the redundant employees or help them gain a suitable position in the future.   The employers are also required to state in what manner they have calculated and arrived at the number of employees they require to be turned off and therein must also reflect on the pattern taken to effectively compensate such people. Similarly, in the fifth case, the European Union body also requires the employer bodies pertaining to the companies operating in the member countries to rightly inform the staff in cases of any change or transfer of ownership into new hands. Sixthly the European Union also requires the employer or the management team of the companies operating inside its member countries and possessing an employee base of around 20 to continually inform them about the economic and employment status of the concern. In that, the employers are also required to inform the internal people about any substantial changes that the employers consider to bring about in the near future.   However, the general legislation brought about by the European Union in regards to employment relations must also be effectively dealt with country or regi on-specific circumstances to help enhance its due efficacy.

Industry Report OR Design of a Performance Essay - 1

Industry Report OR Design of a Performance - Essay Example The improvement is not restricted to any individual employee; a performance management process locates the performance of whole team and ensures versatile improvement. Performance management can reveal the current position and skills of employees and areas where employees need to be developed. The research paper will describe and analyze the performance management system and good business practices of one healthcare organization in UAE, named RAK Hospital. In hospital industry the performance of employees are vital for company’s success. It can ensure good customer satisfaction and create a good image of company. This paper will describe the good business practices of RAK Hospital which is one the reasons for its success. Further, it will recommend the possible solutions which can improve the performance management system in RAK Hospital. ... Office of Personnel Management, n.d.) Performance management is defined as a continuing procedure of communication that is commenced by an employee and his immediate boss. Through performance management an employee can recognize the essential task that the company expects from him and how the task of the employee can contribute to the mission and objectives of the company. Performance management can ensure to improve the performance of employees in case any employee is performing below the desired level of efficiency or replicating similar mistakes (Bacal, 1999). To mange the performance efficiently it requires an understanding of the framework in which the performance management procedure occurs. The performance management procedure must be initiated along with keeping in mind the strategic goals and core values of the company. It is important for any company to select the right employee into the system (Cardy & Et. Al., 2011). The performance management process includes planning, m onitoring, developing, rating and rewarding. Source: (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, n.d.). These five components can make a successful performance management. RAK Hospital RAK is one of the superior hospitals of the Middle East nation UAE. The hospital was established by the joint venture between government of ‘Ras Al Khaimah’ and ‘ETA Star Healthcare’ in Dubai city. ETA Star Healthcare has a medical library in Dubai city and it is active in the business of medicinal, diagnostic and imaging tools. The RAK hospital is sponsored by Arabian Healthcare. The design of the hospital is developed by Eller Becket which is one of the top engineering, interior design and manufacture companies of the US. This hospital provides variety of premium rooms with a capacity of 65 beds,

Critical Analysis of the Film Eros Plus Massacre by Yoshishige Yoshida Movie Review

Critical Analysis of the Film Eros Plus Massacre by Yoshishige Yoshida - Movie Review Example Audience’s critique may be inclined to express that fragments of the past and of the present in â€Å"Eros Plus Massacre† are pieced together in a certain manner that guides comprehension of a twist. It appears quite a venture for Yoshida to have radicalized cinematographic aspects which might have otherwise caused misleading interpretation when the broken parts fail to be ascertained as a whole. Yoshida’s decentralized approach in this project explores the nature of sexuality as it portrays the core function in designating characters according to gender traits and the appeal to feminism wears an unusual tone and attitude. â€Å"Eros Plus Massacre†, nevertheless, concretely illustrates scenes where a woman normally falls as man’s object of desire. Between Eiko and her part-time lover whose sensual moment is caught by the intruding friend and colleague Wada as well as between the same man and the other desperate woman in another scene at a spot in ho tel, there occurs an affair of nothing more than physical worth in which undertones of eroticism manifest through moderate visual elements of dynamic nudity. It may be inferred herein that the principle of Sakae Osugi regarding exaggerated independence in a culture that permits a number of liberated sex relations are carried from his conservative era to a modern age of over forty years later. By a sequence of past-present juxtapositions which had been altogether enhanced by peculiar camera angles and transitions, Yoshida managed to bring across the significance of understanding time as an element from which to compare views, especially how such have evolved as whether they appear subject to change or unaltered due to a couple of similarities between the past and the present. The scenario at the top of the cliff when Eiko and Wada station themselves back to back on a wooden cross as though to assume a position that depicts punishment or captivity may be perceived to have figuratively coincided with the thematic situation of Osugi and family in a pyramidal structure that resembles a platform for execution. In particular, when Wada and Eiko are led to an academic recollection among the archives of Japanese history, the critical point in the life of Osugi and feminist wife Noe Ito is projected in a momentous setting with their son who would eventually yield to the misfortune of being massacred.  Ã‚  

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 - Essay Example Given the harsh rhetoric against Israel in the Middle East for the past few decades, it may be a matter of time until one of those neighbors develops the support, and the military resources, to invade and devastate the tiny Israeli nation as a means of removing the Jewish presence from Jerusalem. This kind of conflict would ignite the entire Middle East in a war against the West, given the support that Israel enjoys from the United States and Europe. Therefore, the 2006 July War was not only a frightening experience for the parties directly involved, but the whole world. Although Israel received much criticism for its unmatched hostilities against Hezbollah and Lebanon, one could certainly argue that Israel was justified in taking those measures. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah paramilitary forces engaged an Israeli patrol on the Israeli side of the border. This left three Israeli soldiers dead and two captured. Ehud Olmert, the Prime Minister of Israel, responded with systematic bombing s of southeastern Lebanon, which killed far more civilians than Hezbollah fighters. Hezbollah responded to these bombings with unsystematic, indiscriminate missile launches at towns and civilians in northern Israel. One side, the Israelis, endeavored to take away Hezbollah’s ability to fight. The other side, Hezbollah, vowed to keep going until Israel stopped its aggression. When the conflict stopped by UN ceasefire on August 14th, nearly 1,000 Lebanese were dead and nearly a million were displaced by the violence. The economies of both countries clearly suffered, especially with the destruction of vast infrastructures in Lebanon, which essentially put that country 20 years behind. Through this experience, however, one could certainly argue that Hezbollah was the winner, not Israel, despite the extensive damage done by the Israeli forces to Lebanon. Knowing that Israel’s objective during the July War was to destroy Hezbollah’s ability to engage in war and kill I sraeli civilians, Israel failed to more than temporarily diminish that ability. The Lebanese people grew to identify with Hezbollah through the experience, partly because they saw Hezbollah as their only protectors against the huge Israel. However, Hezbollah has been reportedly restocked with weapons from Syria and Iran, which means that this kind of conflict could restart at any time in the near future (Tristam, 2006). With Hezbollah’s increased support from other countries, it is a dangerous situation right now for Israel, who saw its reputation suffer deeply from the events of the July War. But even though Israel’s reputation suffered as a result of its actions in July 2006, one could very well argue, as many Zionists and supporters of Israel have done, that their actions were justified in the way of Hezbollah’s initial aggression (Bentov, 2007). Clearly, the killing of Israel soldiers by another military is an act of war. Unfortunately for Israel, Hezbollah is not a true â€Å"military† in the sense that it has a standing army. Israel then targeted their enemy as closely as they could, but failed to achieve the kind of precision that would have earned them victory. Perhaps Israel would have benefited from using tactical forces on the ground, and not using its air force to bomb targets in crowded urban areas. Despite that, it seems Israel was entitled to some

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the Essay

Critically examine changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK - Essay Example A number of institutions currently engage with the residential service providers due to a number of reasons. This essay seeks to examine critically the changing institutional engagement with the residential sector in the UK. It will look at the reasons for low institutional engagement in the country, the trends in the residential sector, factors facilitating the increased level of institutional engagement in the residential sector and the impact of the increased institutional engagement. Finally, it will draw conclusions from the study results. State of Residential Sector in the United Kingdom Residential sector, defined as the occupied or  unoccupied, owned or rented, single-family or multifamily  housing units, does not include institutional housing (Mullin 2006 p. 227). Among these, include hostels, school dormitories, and hospitals among others. Arimah (2000, p. 2552) points out that compared to the public sector, residential sector scores significantly low in the level of in vestment. Despite people, suffering from high rental costs and poor housing qualities, the much efforts put towards improving the situation appear rather weak. The investment scene in the United Kingdom has typically limited institutional investment compared to other countries such as the United States (Montezuma 2006, p. 884-890). Generally, there are low investment levels in the country despite the existence of capacity to build and high demand for residential houses. Even though it is a large sector, there are special characterizing features for the same. There is low construction of new houses, making the sector highly uncompetitive and less dynamic. The only activity-taking place in the country is the purchase of ex-public housing, as there is low construction of new houses (Montezuma 2006, p. 892-893). Few investors, if any take part in institutional investments, argues Van Daalen & Van Der Land (2008, p. 318). Those who take part in this form of investment in most cases focus on the public sector and corporate investment. Thus, few companies take part in the rental business. The most active company in providing residential housing services to the people in the United Kingdom is the Swiss institutional investment, which mainly focuses on the domestic investments. Compared to countries such as the United States that has a high volume of trade and investment in inter-country residential investment, the United Kingdom has little of such activities. There are hardly any cross-country and pan-European holdings, observes (Montezuma 2006, p. 898). Thus, all investments activities appear rather localized and concentrated in a particular place. In some countries, there is a high level of investment activity taking place, with a high number of investments taking place being extremely significant. On the other hand, some countries in the UK have little or no institutional investment at all. Regulatory framework, arguably the biggest inhibiting factor in the sector for this scenario appears to favour a number of countries unlike others (Andersen 2008, p. 264) Unlike in America where inter-country investment takes place against a backdrop of increased residential investment, here, the level of innovation in the sector is considerably low. The low investment in the sector has contributed to low supply of residential property in the various UK countries. The

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hezbollah's fight with Israel in 2006 - Essay Example Given the harsh rhetoric against Israel in the Middle East for the past few decades, it may be a matter of time until one of those neighbors develops the support, and the military resources, to invade and devastate the tiny Israeli nation as a means of removing the Jewish presence from Jerusalem. This kind of conflict would ignite the entire Middle East in a war against the West, given the support that Israel enjoys from the United States and Europe. Therefore, the 2006 July War was not only a frightening experience for the parties directly involved, but the whole world. Although Israel received much criticism for its unmatched hostilities against Hezbollah and Lebanon, one could certainly argue that Israel was justified in taking those measures. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah paramilitary forces engaged an Israeli patrol on the Israeli side of the border. This left three Israeli soldiers dead and two captured. Ehud Olmert, the Prime Minister of Israel, responded with systematic bombing s of southeastern Lebanon, which killed far more civilians than Hezbollah fighters. Hezbollah responded to these bombings with unsystematic, indiscriminate missile launches at towns and civilians in northern Israel. One side, the Israelis, endeavored to take away Hezbollah’s ability to fight. The other side, Hezbollah, vowed to keep going until Israel stopped its aggression. When the conflict stopped by UN ceasefire on August 14th, nearly 1,000 Lebanese were dead and nearly a million were displaced by the violence. The economies of both countries clearly suffered, especially with the destruction of vast infrastructures in Lebanon, which essentially put that country 20 years behind. Through this experience, however, one could certainly argue that Hezbollah was the winner, not Israel, despite the extensive damage done by the Israeli forces to Lebanon. Knowing that Israel’s objective during the July War was to destroy Hezbollah’s ability to engage in war and kill I sraeli civilians, Israel failed to more than temporarily diminish that ability. The Lebanese people grew to identify with Hezbollah through the experience, partly because they saw Hezbollah as their only protectors against the huge Israel. However, Hezbollah has been reportedly restocked with weapons from Syria and Iran, which means that this kind of conflict could restart at any time in the near future (Tristam, 2006). With Hezbollah’s increased support from other countries, it is a dangerous situation right now for Israel, who saw its reputation suffer deeply from the events of the July War. But even though Israel’s reputation suffered as a result of its actions in July 2006, one could very well argue, as many Zionists and supporters of Israel have done, that their actions were justified in the way of Hezbollah’s initial aggression (Bentov, 2007). Clearly, the killing of Israel soldiers by another military is an act of war. Unfortunately for Israel, Hezbollah is not a true â€Å"military† in the sense that it has a standing army. Israel then targeted their enemy as closely as they could, but failed to achieve the kind of precision that would have earned them victory. Perhaps Israel would have benefited from using tactical forces on the ground, and not using its air force to bomb targets in crowded urban areas. Despite that, it seems Israel was entitled to some

The History Of United States Essay Example for Free

The History Of United States Essay The differences between the federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and republicans under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson shaped the political and economic direction of America in their day. This paper asserts that these differences were determined by individual perceptions that gave birth to these ideological differences. When faced with the responsibility of leading the country, Jefferson embraced some of Hamilton’s ideas. Alexander Hamilton the federalist was born in the West Indies on 11th of January 1757. His party the Federalist Party was formed in 1792 and lasted all the way up to 1816. This was the first party to be formed in America On the other hand we have Thomas Jefferson who was the third president to rule United States of America and was born in 1743 in Virginia. He was very influential in laying the foundation for Republicanism. Unfortunately, the two leaders had very little in common. Jefferson’s Democratic Republican party was formed in 1792 with a motive of opposing Hamilton’s economic and monetary views but the party split in 1820s because of the party differences. He died on 4th July, 1826. Their philosophies on social, political, and economy were very different. For example they disagreed on the system of government, constitution and the funding of the federal government. The main focus of this paper will be to compare the similarities and differences between the social, economic and political philosophies of Alexander Hamilton and Federalism on one hand and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans on the other. The paper will also try to look at why these political functions emerged, how the leaders viewed each other and from what segments of society they drew support from. Hamilton was a very strong advocate of a stable and strong centralized government and worked hard to convince the congress to enact laws that would facilitate its formation. He was basically talking about how this government could be financed, how a national bank would be created and where taxes will be obtained from for example, from imports and on whiskey. He was strongly inspired by British’s trade and its financial base. On the other hand Thomas Jefferson formed his Democratic-Republican Party which later came to be regarded as Republican Party to oppose the federalists view on economic and foreign policies such as the formation of a central government. They opposed Hamilton for proposing the extension of trade and other friendly business with foreign countries such as Britain. About the constitution, Hamilton wanted the constitution to be loosely interpreted while Thomas Jefferson and his party believed on strong and strict constitutional formation that would limit the judicial interpretations. They were opposed to the issue of forming a national government which they dismissed as unconstitutional. They also differed in the type of government they wanted for example Hamilton wanted a balanced economy with industries, agriculture and trade while Jefferson believed that the country could only be supported by the work of the common man. Hamilton since 1795 advocated for the promotion of trade to other parts. He also wanted international cooperation with Britain to be supported. Additionally, Hamilton wanted U. S to embrace a policy of tax collection and a national bank to cater for national debts while on the other hand the democratic Republican Party was against this although after the war in 1812, this party split after they were defeated, many young leaders who were against Hamilton’s idea of nationalism supported it and started advocating for strong military defense which they had in the past opposed. (Albert W. F. , 1984). Although Hamilton and Jefferson differed in many things, later Jefferson welcomed Hamilton policies. For example, after the former won the presidential elections of 1800. His strong opponents like Gallatin and Madison started adopting some of Hamilton’s policies like the formation of a national bank. They also started forming strong military base something that came into their mind soon after they lost in the war of 1812. They also embraced Hamilton’s policy of being flexible in interpreting the constitution. This is what is referred to as loose interpretation or using basket clause. Also the tariff policy so as be able to finance the federal government was adopted. Another thing borrowed from Hamilton was the issue of forming a strong standing army as well as the country’s economy that would be supported by the federal government. These both factions had different origins. The Democratic Republican Party originated from Philadelphia among the congressmen. In the beginning it was called the Republican Party but later, it was widely marketed in New York by Thomas Jefferson who included the states and other leaders from different localities. His party strongly advocated for liberty for all. On the other hand the Federalist Party was created by Hamilton alone and become its leader it relied on for urbanites it was the first to be formed in USA. Some saw it as people’s party while others criticized that it had a very weak connection with the masses. The Federalist Party started after Hamilton was appointed to the office by George Washington who was the then president. By this time he was a retired staff member. Hamilton wanted a federal government with a strong financial base. He went ahead and proposed his own economic program. He wanted the central government to cancel the debts that the sates occurred during the Revolutionary war of America and there by replacing it with a national debt. That is a debt that would be paid by the central government itself. He believed this would have only been possible if there was formed a national bank. His closest friend Madison left him and went to cater for his people in Virginia thus dropping the idea of nationalism. He later joined Jefferson in opposing Hamilton’s ideas. In 1790 Hamilton relentlessly started looking for followers countrywide. He believed that if he mobilized likeminded people and use his treasury networks to bring together all those people in the government like bankers and merchants, then he could make it. He began his politics in urban areas and as time went by, the party assumed a national identity and eventually became the Federalist Party. On the other hand, the Democratic Republican party was founded by two people that is, Jefferson and James Madison sometimes back in 1792. The party was formed with a motive of opposing Hamilton’s views on the economy and foreign policies. The foreign policies were of prime concern to the republicans. Hamilton wanted U. S to start having friendly relations with Britain and his party strongly condemned the French revolution. Jefferson’s party put ahead of all other things the freedom of Yeoman farmers and rights as opposed to federalism. He differed in Hamilton’s ideas on monetary things, national bank, creation and high spending in the military. In1790s the federalist and republicans traded abuse through newspapers. Hamilton was seen as a monarchist who never valued the American culture. He was accused of favouring the rich so that they could support his politics. Later they turned to using humors against each other. They opposed the treaty of 1784, Jay’s treaty that advocated for having relations with Britain and criticized the French revolution. They termed Britain and France as their archenemies. Jefferson and his supporters claimed federalism favored aristocracy instead of the ordinary people. However, after1812 Jefferson’s party split into two because of party differences. The young leaders in his party favored nationalism and creation of a strong army that would provide security to the Americans but Thomas Jefferson and his clues refused this. These younger leaders were Clay, Adams and Calhoun while the old party was headed by Randolph, Crawford and Nathaniel Macon. Both sides differed in beliefs which made them to support different factions. The later backed Andrew Jackson. After elections were held these factions became separate parties. The one for Jackson became the modern Democratic Party. The federalism party that was formed by Hamilton drew its support from all over but mainly from urbanites that would support his policies. Hamilton’s party had a lot of job opportunities thus it was able to attract many people while did not have many job opportunities. Jefferson drew his party support from the rurals whom he believed were the backbone of his party. . Alexander Hamilton firmly advocated for the government intervention and support in trade. He never advocated for free trade like it was the case in Britain for he believed this led to misuse of funds by channeling them to colonial powers. He believed that if his policies were implemented, then the economy would grow into stable heights. Hamilton was an orthodox although not a very strong believer. He did not believe that Christianity and democracy could go hand in hand. Hamilton misused religion to meet his political objectives especially during the revolution in France. To conclude, it can be said that Jefferson and Hamilton differed in many ways than they had in common. In the past they disagreed almost in everything but later Jefferson and the Democratic- Republicans changed their minds and embraced some his policies especially after they lost in war of 1812. His political party split because young leaders in his party like Clay and Adams supported the idea of nationalism and the creation of a strong army which the other faction in the party opposed. Finally after elections were held the two factions became parties. Jefferson’s party which was under Jackson became the Democratic Party while that for the youngsters faded after the civil war. After this, democrats welcomed some of Hamilton’s ideas such as having a strong central government as well as strong military base and an economy that would be controlled by the federal government. Jefferson believed in strict interpretation of the constitution that would limit the judiciary misinterpretation and Hamilton’s idea of creating a bank that would handle all financial cases of the central or federal government. This idea was also rejected by the representatives of the southern colonies whose economy did not favor the creation of a national bank. In short we can say that even in areas that they came to think alike, it was after they lost the war of 1812. The party became divided and the two parties went on their own. Reference: Albert W. F. , 1984. The Authority of Publius: A reading of the Federalist Papers. Ithaca, New York: Cornel University Press.

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay

Plato The Republic Perfect Immorality Philosophy Essay According to Thrasymachus, immorality in its most perfect form, practiced on a grand scale proves to be more rewarding and personally advantageous than morality (Plato Republic, 344c). Thrasymachus further elaborates on his view that morality is simply the advantage of the stronger, while immorality is the wrongdoer attaining obedience from its subjects to do what is to his advantage (343c). Socrates refutes the notion that rulers in the strict sense aim to serve their own interest against those of its subjects, he states in reality it is the exact opposite that occurs (345a). Secondly, Socrates aims to show that it is morality that is more profitable then immorality.(352d) Socrates claims Thrasymachus view, that immorality is more effective and powerful than morality is utterly incorrect and seeks to provide the correct answer(350d). Socrates believes that morality leads to a more rewarding life while immorality leads to the opposite (352d). Personally, I oppose the view that immora lity on a grand scale is more rewarding than morality, my disagreement being based on the grounds of examining the benefits of morality against immortality. Firstly, it is important to note the context that morality is being used in. Prior dialogue has concluded that morality is the advantage of the stronger, and immorality is the advantage of oneself (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Thrasymachus takes an attack at Socrates claim that no one, any and all authority, in his capacity as a ruler commands for his own advantage, but the advantage of his subjects (342e). To counter this claim, Thrasymachus examines shepherds and cowherds and the nature of the care provided to their subjects. His view is that a shepherd considers what is good for his sheep only to the extent that it serves to his advantage (343b). It seems to show that Thrasymachus is evaluating the shepherd as an occupation for profit making where the sheep are sold. In this sense it would seem that what Thrasymachus is saying is true. However I disagree with this view, that the shepherds interest is solely his own. The shepherds interests lies within personal reasons as well as inter est of the sheep for feeding and nurturing. The herder wants to provide food for his subjects to ensure that they are as healthy as possible. He also claims that in partnerships, the moral person always lags behind the immoral person. From this he means to say that when entering into business contracts, once completed the moral person becomes worse off (a little cnfusing..at least for me )In comparison to the immoral. This argument does not seem to be true since when entering into business contracts whether temporary or permanent, the parties usually have a goal in mind. As a result of the goal being completed, the parties are satisfied and part ways. From this point of view the partners would be in the same position having attained their goal and discontinuing their partnership due to their needs equally being met. Furthermore, Thrasymachus now begins to discuss immorality. He does this by stating the benefit that immorality grants the person practicing it. The wrongdoers that poss ess the will to act immorally have their subjects act in a manner to their advantage, making him happy by doing the required task (343c). What he means by this can be shown by using slaves as examples. Considering that being forced against your will to perform a task surely satisfies the slave owners but it does not satisfy the slaves happiness in the slightest way. I feel this statement is quite accurate in regards to slavery, however examining this from a different perspective can lead to a different conclusion. When working a job that has key performance measure indicators such as a call center with 108 seconds of standard talk time, management may pressure workers to meet or beat the standard talk time in order to attain bonuses from their senior managers. A work environment that is organized around performance usually has performance prizes and recognition, although management may be acting immoral by looking out for their own interest. Workers performing to the managements adv antage are actually gaining advantage for themselves by winning prizes and earning recognition. As a result they are actually furthering their happiness. To ensure that Socrates assesses the extent to which immorality rather than morality is advantageous, he advises Socrates to look at immorality in its most perfect form (344a). With that said, Immorality in its most perfect form is where the wrongdoers life is enhanced by unprecedented measures while the lives of his victims are ruined. This is the perfect form being discussed, such as a dictatorship, which imposes ones will upon a population in a grand scale and ruin the lives of others (344a). A classic example of this would be Hitler and execution of the Jewish people in the holocaust. It was a mass execution of the Jewish branch of the population. The reason he gives this example is to show what he means by practicing immorality on a grand scale by exterminating the Jews. Hitler was able to get his way and use his army in a way that was advantageous to him. His army succumbed to his wishes as he possessed the ruling power. According to Thrasymachus, Immorality practiced on a large enough scale is more powerful and has more license and authority than morality does (344c). The reason he says immorality is looked down upon is because people fear being the victims of it, not actually committing it (344c). From this statement we conclude that Thrasymachus view is that injustice is stronger than justice. An interesting observation is that after this point, there seems to be a new context added in the meaning of morality. At first morality was defined as the advantage of the stronger, and the weak acting in the interest of the stronger. After it seems a new definition is available in the form of the strong getting the weak to do as they will (Beillard, Julien. 2011). Personally I think adding this new dimension to morality creates some confusion since he still uses the new dimension to describe immorality. Perha ps the reason he does this is because he realizes that most people would recognize acting in that manner, a form of immorality or a form of not being moral (Beillard, Julien. 2011). In conclusion of Thrasymachuss view immorality is more beneficial and rewarding in comparison to morality, this being because the immoral person has more power and is always in the better position. Socrates outright contests Thrasymachus claim that rulers act in the interest of their own while neglecting the interest of their subjects (346e). Therefore he does not agree that injustice is more profitable than justice. Earlier in the dialogue, Thrasymachus advised Socrates that he is examining rulers in the strict sense. The ruler in strict sense also means the ruler who has authority and power over its subjects of interest. This means that the rulers must be infallible, if they do commit a mistake then, in that moment they are not acting in their interest and are not the stronger party (Beillard, Julien. 2011). This deviation from rulers to strict rulers seems to be a maneuver, to rid of the possibility of Socrates attaining the upper hand in the discussion. It is sometimes true that rulers and those in powers do make mistakes and unintentionally go against their own interest. Socrates however has no problem tackling a more narrow definition, transitioning from ruler to a ruler in the strict sense. Furthermore Socrates begins to examine profession. He has an ongoing conversation with Thrasymachus which leads to the conclusion that every profession has its own particular benefit to bestow (346d). Also, examining this view of expertise in the sense of authority over its subject, seems as a plausible view due to the fact that professionals with accredited backing, usually do have authority in terms of knowledge over their patients such as Doctors. In bestowing the benefit, practitioners of that particular expertise benefit by making money by the use of moneymaking skill (346c). This seems to be a bit ambiguous, since Socrates defined in earlier sections, that making money is made from the skill of money making (346c). In order to make money, these practitioners need to use that skill or craft, so in return the practitioner are not benefiting in earning money from his practice but instead from the money making skill. This leads Socrates to point out that a pra ctitioner gains no benefit from the practice of expertise, however their subjects gain all the benefits (346e). This response from Socrates signals the disagreement with Thrasymachuss assertion that morality is the advantage of the stronger party. With that said Rulers, Socrates says consider the advantage of its subject the weaker party and not the stronger party (345e). Socrates now continues the dismantlement of Thrasymachus view, by attacking his view that perfect immorality is more profitable than perfect morality. (347e) Profitable is not meant to mean making money, it is merely meant to provide more benefit. Socrates comes to the conclusion that an immoral person sets himself up as superior to others who are like him, as well as to people that are unlike him (349c). Socrates now looks to dissect Thrasymachus view that an immoral person is clever and good while the moral person is neither clever nor good (347e). Once again Socrates turns to examining professions, he inquires about whether each professional in their branch of expertise would want to set himself up as superior to another individual with the same expertise (349b). Attaining Thrasymachuss agreement at all levels, Socrates proves that a clever and knowledgeable person such as a musician, would not want to set himself up as superior to those who are like him, rather to people who lack the expertise and are unlike him (349c). However this interesting point needs some critical examination. This point seems to be a simple assumption or hypothesis that has no backing, there is no real proof and it seems a little doubtful that an immoral person would set himself up against people who are like him as well as people who are unlike him. A doctor for example would not try to set himself apart from other doctors, but maybe those who do not possess the expertise he has. To try to out-do someone of the same profession does not seem like a plausible thing for a practitioner of a certain profession to do (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The previous view by Thrasymachus was that an immoral person was clever and good. However through conversation Socrates has now got him to agree that instead it is a moral person who resembles a clever, good person, and an immoral person who resembles a bad, ignorant person (350c). From these statements, it was agreed upon that morality is a good sta te and is knowledge, while immorality is a bad state and is ignorance. In other words, Immorality leads to no profit. Socrates now leans towards opposing the claim that immorality is more effective and more powerful than morality. To begin his argument, Socrates questions that in a community or an army of pirates and thieves; could they function as a cohesive unit if they wronged each other (351c)? Thrasymachus replies that the community could not function if they were to wrong one another, and if they did not wrong one another, the community as a whole would have a greater chance of success (351d). With this in mind, Socrates explains the reasoning why the community cannot function while acting immorally. Acting immorally causes conflict and disintegration of the community, while moral behavior creates peace and friendship (351d). This is a reasonable point, from this we can see that immoral behavior causes the collapse of the unit as a whole, while moral behavior fosters relationships and creates synergy. Therefore, The function of immorality generates hatred and dysfunction (352a), so if a partne rship were to be created between two immoral people, that relationship would cease to exist. This point shows that clearly immorality is not effective. This point of view is definitely one that I agree with, since if one has the immoral behavior causing conflict, there is no way the community will be able to complete a goal or task due to the fact that the immoral behavior of the individuals internally would cause a downfall of the task at hand. The hostility generated internally will also turn to hostility between him and moral people (352a). From this it is clear to see that moral people, good people, are more effective and therefore moral people are more capable at getting things done. As a result, The evidence starts to pile against Thrasymachus. He agrees with Socrates that the gods are moral beings (352a). This shows that an immoral person will be an enemy of gods, and a moral person will be in their favor. The reason this may be is because the gods are seen as good and moral beings, and it is known that each type of person is of the same type as people he is like.(( You need to f ix this wording) Therefore the gods are unlike the immoral people, so the immoral people would fall out of favor with god, as would the dictator Thrasymachus was describing. The reason I think this is true, is because if the gods are good as people who believe in good, believe them to be. Acting bad or being immoral would definitely make someone fall out of favor with god. (You need to fix this entire sentence. I think you just need to switch around your periods and stuff) Socrates seems to have Thrasymachus stuck, agreeing with every question Socrates poses. They come to another conclusion that immoral people would never have been effective and performed in coordination, considering that if this was the case then it would be evident that there was obviously a degree of morality in them that allowed them to reach that state (352c). Socrates through and through discovers that pe ople who are perfectly immoral are incapable of doing anything, causing them to be ineffective and proving Thrasymachus claim wrong (352b). In the beginning of the discussion, Thrasymachus advised Socrates to examine the issue while looking at perfect immorality (344a). By doing this we can see that perfect immorality would cause nothing but angst among the immoral and moral community. The moral person clearly has an advantage against an immoral person after examining these arguments. Now that all of this has been said, the last point that Socrates wants to dispute is the fact that immorality is more rewarding in comparison to morality. As described earlier, every profession has a benefit, also everything has a particular job to accomplish (Beillard, Julien. 2011). The good state of anything is what makes it possible for the job to be accomplished well. The good state of anything is the function of the eyes, the good state of the eyes meaning to have vision enables us to perform the job accordingly, whereas the bad state such as being blind would restrict the ability to perform the job well (353c). This is a notion that is correct, since everything has a function and in order to fulfill the tasks, job or duty it must be in a good state or otherwise known as in working condition or good condition. If morality is a good state, as agreed upon, then it is morality that enables one to do a good job (353e). Another example he uses is the function of the mind. With this He examines the use of authority, to exercise authority using management skills. This would be a function of the mind and only the mind. The mind as all other functions has a good state. Socrates points out the fact that the mind will never perform its function without the presence of its good state (353e). What he means by this statement, is that everything has a function, a light bulb has the function to provide light, although without the presence of its good state, being powered, the light bulb will not be able to provide its function without being in a good state. These examples lead to the conclusion that any function will be performed well with a good state, and as agreed upon morality is a good mental state and immorality a bad mental state (353e). What this example points out is that morality is more rewarding then immorality, a good mental state will lead to a good life while a bad mental state will lead to a bad life (353e). The reason for this is clear because if every p art of our body, such as ears and eyes and mouth are in a bad state, it is highly unlikely we will be able to lead a good life in comparison to someone in a good state, being a moral state. Clearly we can see that the greater reward lies within the good state of morality and not immorality. A person who lives a good life is a happy person, and a person who does not is a sad person. Evidently, a pleased(you can use this word if you want? I just think you should use a diff word other than happy since you used it before) person is a moral person who lives a good life, and a sad person is an immoral person who lives a bad life (354a). Based on this line of reasoning, the claims seem to be true. Although it is plausible for someone to be immoral and still enjoy the life they have in their own line of reasoning, in regards to this reasoning to live a rewarding and happy life one must display moral behavior. In analyzing the arguments provided by Socrates leads us to believe that morality is a virtue, a special good state as he claims, however this claim seems to be a little controversial. As we have discussed above, a wise man is knowledgeable and this is a virtue, if this wise man is skilled at some art, he will not try to beat another person with the same art expertise as him (Beillard, Julien. 2011) In conclusion, it is clear that Thrasymachus initial claim is incorrect and it is actually morality practiced on a large scale that proves rewarding and advantageous. Morality is not the advantage of the stronger or the stronger party getting the weak to succumb to their demands as Thrasymachus stated. Rulers in the strict sense, who have authority over a subordinate have interest in the weaker party (345e). Thrasymachus states that immorality is more profitable however Socrates disagrees with this view and intends to prove that the statement is incorrect. The underlying belief that morality is more powerful and effective is a belief held by Thrasymachus that Socrates seeks to disprove. The last point that Socrates wants to refute, is that immorality leads to a rewarding life. As my opinions and defense have been presented, I believe that morality leads a more prosperous and advantageous life.