Research Project: Impact and Causes of Air Pollution

Research Project Impact and Causes of Air befoulment subject field DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL EMPOWERMENT, THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE,LAGOS STATE.BYATUBI AUGUSTUS O. (Ph.D)ABSTRACTThe research work is primarily on industrial taint counselinging on way defilement in the Ilupeju industrial estate of Lagos State, in Mushin Local organization orbit. Air pollution has been a well(p) problem to the great deal who reside closely to Ilupeju industrial zone since inception of the compass. It has been responsible for various ailments among the sight and those who work in the industries that pollute the air by dint of the use of some dangerous chemicals. The research work looked at the various ways by which air pollution is being generated in the area, the make on the people and the possible control measures to minimize its further damage on the health of the people and the place for national development and global empowerment.INTRODUCTIONThe envi rons is the setting of humannesss various productive activities. The impact of man on the landscape through these activities and the extent of environmental pollution arising on that point from go through been well documented (Atubi and Onokala, 2006a, Atubi, 2007b).In Nigeria today, most of the industrial estates are not meant for industries alone residential homes pot be found in the so-called industrial estates also. And with this development, the problem of industrial pollution has violences on man, plants and materials. The areas which contain industries manufacturing polar products such as petrochemicals, detergents, injects harmful wastes into the air such as carbon monoxide, south oxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons which are the major(ip) sources of air pollution.Generally, the anaesthetize of industrial waste into the air has been responsible for many health problems such as chronic bronchitis, malaria, asthma and also the damaging of roofing sheets and building s. The resident are not fully aware of the damages being done to their lives and properties by those harmful wastes. Most of the prehistorical researches in Nigeria and the world in general on industrial pollution such as Hodges (1977) Mcgraw-Hill (1977) Okoro (1979) Nwafor (1981) Simmon (1982) Kormondy (1984) Segynola (1988) Ohagi (1988) Ademorati (1988) Miller (1994) Hill (1999) to mention a few, have their focus on effects and causes of industrial pollution in general and not on industrial estate. Available evidence (Census, 1991) shows that about sixty thousand people reside in the Ilupeju industrial area, yet very low priority is accorded to the problems of industrial pollution and environmental quality in the area.The problem of air pollution is worse in Lagos than in any other Nigerian city. It is also more complex in Lagos. The memorise is aimed at analyzing the effects of industrial air pollution on the residents and environments of Ilupeju industrial estate as a way for national development and global empowerment.STUDY AREA/DATA COLLECTIONThis study is focused on Ilupeju industrial estate, which in the context of this paper comprises of over 20 streets and for proper administration it was further divided into three zones. The zones are Ilupeju bye-pass as zone A, Coker area as zone B, Town Planning area as zone C.Ilupeju industrial estate is located within the Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State. It covers an area of about 110 hectares of land. It is transversed by longitude 30 and 3060I east and latitude 3030I north. It is bounded in the North by Ikeja Local Government Area, in the east by Somolu Local Government Area, in the West by Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, and in the South by Surulere Local Government Area in Lagos State in 1962 (fig. 1). It occupies a unique position in Lagos State, firstly as an industrial zone, secondly as a commercial centre, third as a residential area and lastly as a major route.The concentration of indu stries can be found in Ilupeju industrial estate. And the area is well established because of the rapid growth of new and large industrial establishments, which include good transportation, and relatively high standard of available semipublic utilities. The industries on this estate include paints, plastic, textiles, printing services and the manufacturers of soap and detergents etc. The banking sector is another sector found amongst the economic activities that takes place in Ilupeju.The data on which the study is based were collected through questionnaire survey in the year 2005 from three zones to which Ilupeju industrial estate was divided. The random/systematic sampling techniques was used to consume a number of streets. Out of the 20 streets in the area 10 were randomly selected for the study in which three houses were again selected randomly with two persons selected for interview. Responses from the questionnaires were generally used for data analysis. The computation eli ed on averaging model, percentages and Analysis of variance (ANOVA).CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONMcgraw-Hill (1977) stated that other sources such as pesticides and mans earth-moving and unpolished practices lead to vastly increased atmospheric burden of the soil particles and of pollens, spots, rust and smuts.Okoro (1979) further stated that industrialization is as a result of mans attempt to provide himself with facilities for optimum employment. Industries leave behind peculiar wastes. They also pollute our environment, regard of the cloud of smoke that emerges from the industrial house and apparently disappears into the air, think of various colour liquid some of them have foul smells that are emptied into the rivers, lagoons and oceans. They change environments composition and destroy its purity. To assess this, respondents were asked to mention the causes of industrial pollution in the estate. The response made showed that the use of chemicals in Zone A is one of the major causes of pollution in the area followed by the release of smoke from the industries which 24 people responded to it, while the poor governing of waste and noise from machineries have responses of 23 and 20 respectively.In zone B, 19 people responded to the use of chemicals, 10 to the poor disposal of waste, 9 people indicated to the noise from machineries and 15 responded to the release of smokes from industries.Finally, in zone C, 20 people indicated that the use of chemicals is the major cause of industrial pollution. 18 responded to the poor disposal of waste, 17 to noise from the machineries, and 18 to the release of smokes. Table 1 shows the details. From the table it could seen that zone A and C had high indications than B, this is because Zone A and C are the nearest neighbours to different industries while zone B are area away from the industries.TABLE 1THE CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATE. cum Field Survey, 2005Therefore, the major causes of industrial air pollution as seen from the table is because of the use of chemicals which in turn pollute the area through the release of smoke.TABLE 2THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN ILUPEJU INDUSTRIAL ESTATESource Field Survey, 2005Table 2 shows that in zone A 20 indicated that restlessness has been one of the effects of industrial air pollution followed by immovable cough and chest pain, heart and soul irritation which is the highest with 21 responses and 20 for asthmatic patients.Zone B, as could be seen from the table 2 had eye patient with 20 respondents and 10 respondents respectively for restlessness and persistent cough and chest pain.Zone C showed that the effect of industrial air pollution is more on eye irritation and persistent cough and chest pain with 20 respondents respectively while restlessness had the highest respondents and asthmatic patient has 19 respondents.From the above table 2, the effects of industrial air pollution is felt more in Zone A follo wed by Zone B and this is because the residential areas are nearest to the industrial area. Zone B has a total of 59 compared to Zone A (81) and Zone C (80). From the table it indicated that zones A and B have the highest effects of industrial pollution than zone C.Hypotheses were formulated and tested using analysis of variance statistic. The calculated values are 10.27 and 3.72 and the critical table value are 4.26 and 4.26. Therefore, there is variation of industrial air pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate. (See Appendix 1 and 2 for necessary computations).POLICY IMPLEMENTATIONIn order to hinder severe health hazards arising from increased industrial activities which pollutes the environment, governments silence on environmental protection over the years should be broken and public interest must be sufficiently aroused through documentaries and corrective measures of pollution. We should therefore, plan ahead, and learn from the mistakes of the industrialized nations and thei r current efforts to correct those mistakes. We should not allow pollution to be the price of the states progress.The establishment of some parastatals concerned with the maintenance of sanity in environment is the next step in the objurgate direction. The Lagos State Ministry of Environment, Lagos State environmental Protection Agency, Federal Environmental Protection Agency and the Ministry of Health, etc. amongst others are charged with the responsibility of protecting the environment and maintaining a healthy environments as a way for national development and global employment.However, to grapple effectively with our environmental problems and enhance the quality of life in our settlements, we fill information in the nature and dimension of these problems. The State Government should make funds available for relevant research to increase our understanding of the source and effect of gaseous pollutant and all disciplines have a role to play in this regard. There is need to desi gn relatively, cheap yet efficient methods of waste disposal for our towns and cities (Atubi and Oriero, 2006b).Finally, it may be observed that in the area of pollution control, there must be a good deal of cooperation between professionals. The engineers should explore different alternatives of controls the economists must pin down which combination of measures is least costly for a given degree or control. The social scientists explore the intangible benefits associated with different level of control, the surveyors to determine how best each level of control could be developed and the jurist establish how different control measures can be enforced. The decision regarding the control measures can be adopted and enforced. However, the adoptions rest with the people and the government. They will have to pay for it and will have to live with it.CONCLUSIONThe result of the study has shown that all environmental pollution in Ilupeju industrial estate is created by mans activities in living, producing and consuming goods and services. These activities generate net benefits to the people undertaking them even though they may impose unwanted cost.An important objective of environmental resources management in Lagos State is to plan towards an improvement of overall quality of the states human environment and this plan should be undertaken from the local level upwards. To achieve this objective, a strategy should be worked out to ensure that the use of resources for the welfare of man does not result in a conflict between the environment and development or between resource utilization and man.REFERENCESAdemoroti C. M. A. (1988), Environmental Management episode Studies on Industrial Waste water treatment, Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development. Pp. 200 206Atubi, A. O. and Onokala, P. C. (2006a) The Socio-Economic Effects of Oil Spillage on Agriculture in the Niger-Delta A campaign study of Olomoro, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment al Studies vol. 2 No.4. Pp. 46 52.Atubi, A. O. and Oriero, S. B. (2006b) Environmental Sanitation in Abraka Metropolis Towards A public policy in Akinbode, A and Ugbomeh B (eds) Abraka Region pp. 118 128.Atubi, A. O. (2007b) The Perception of Industrial Disturbances in Nigeria Cities A Geographical Appraisal of Benin-City. Journal of Environmental Analar (forthcoming).Hill J. (1999), General Chemistry An incorporated approach 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prenctice Hall.Hodges L. (1977), Environmental Pollution 2nd Edition U.S.A., Library of Congress cataloging in publication Data. Pp. 6 8.Kormondy, E. J. (1984), Concept of ecology, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice Hall P. 35.Mcgraw-Hill (1977) encyclopaedia of Environmental Science, New York Mcgraw-hill p. 35.Miller, G. T. (1994) Living in the environment Principles, Connection and Solution 8th edition Belmont California, Wadsworth. Pp. 569 583, 645 647.Nwafor, J. C. (1981) An Evaluation of Land Conservation Problems of Extractive and Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria A case study of Nkalagu Cement Industry In U. M. Gbozurike (ed.) Land Use and Conservation in Nigeria. Nsukka University of Nigeria Press, Pp. 128 36.Ohaji, S.M.O. (1988), The Effects of Brewery Effluent Discharge on Ikpoba River Water Quality, Benin City Environmental issues and management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 196 197.Okoro, P. T. (1979) Environmental Problems and Your Health A paper presented to the Ministry of Health.Segynola, A. A. (1988) The Nigerian Industrial Landscape and Environmental Degradation. Environmental issues and Management in Nigeria Development, Pp. 174 179.Simon, I. G. (1982) The Ecology of Natural Resources, 2nd edition. Edward Arnold Limited, Pp. 277 279. adjunct ICAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREATO USE ANOVA, APPLYSSt=Sum of Square total south southwest=Sum of square withinSSb=Sum of Square betweenAssign X1, X2 and X3 to the various zonesHo There is no variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study Area. Calculate the F ratio and use it to test for the significant differenceSSt X2 = (X)2NX2 = X12 + X22 + 32= 2130 + 767 + 1337 = 4234N = n1 + n2 + n3= 4 + 4 + 4 = 12X = X1 + X2 + X3= 92 + 53 + 73 = 218SSt=4234 (218)212SSt = 4234 3960 = 273.7To get SSbSSb = ( X1)2 + ( X2)2 + (X3)2 ( X)2n1 n2 n3 N(92)2 + (53)2 + (73)2 (218)24 4 4 12(2116 + 702.3 + 1332.3) 3960.34150.6 3960.3SSb = 190.3To get sou-sou-westSSw = SSt SSb273.7 190.3SSw = 83.4Determine the F ratioF = MSbMSwWhere MSb = Mean Square betweenMSw = Mean Square WithinFirstly, dfb (df between) = K 1Where K = number of groupsdfb = 3 1 = 2Secondly, dfw (df within) = N KWhere N = Number of subjectsdfw = 12 3 = 9df total = N 112 1 = 11MSb = SSb = 190.3dfb 2=95.2Then MSw = SSw= 83.4dfw 9=9.27F = MSb = 95,2MSw 9.27=10.27The calculated F-ratio must be larger than the hypothetic F-ratio to reject the hypothesis.At 0.05 level of confidence,Theoretical F = 4.26Calculated F = 10.27Therefore, there is variation of industrial Air Pollution in the study area.APPENDIX 2THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION IN THE STUDY AREAn1 = 4n2 = 4n3 = 4X1 = 81X2 = 59X3 = 80X12 1641 X22 = 961X32 = 1602X1 = 20.3X2 = 14.8X3 = 20SSt = X2 = ( X)2NX2 = X12 + X22 + X321641 + 961 + 1602 = 4204N = n1 + n2 + n3= 4 + 4 + 4 =12X = X1 + X2 + X3= 81 + 59 + 80 = 220SSt = 4204 (220)212SSt = 4204 4033.3 = 170.7To get SSbSSb = ( X1)2 + ( X2)2 + ( X3)2 ( X)2n1 n2 n3 N(18)2 + (59)2 + (80)2 (220)24 4 4 121640.3 + 870.3 + 1600 4033.34110.6 4033.3SSb = 77.3To get SSwSSw = SSt SSb170.7 77.3 = 93.4F = MSbMSwdfb = 3 1 = 2dfw = 12 3 = 9MSb = SSb 77.3dfb 2 =38.7MSw = SSw = 93.4dfw 9=10.4F = MSb=38.7MSw10.4Theoretical F = 4.26Calculated F = 3.721